Quick Query Makeover

Brisk Query Makeover A full-time independent essayist needs to produce enough marketable plans to win a living. Your articles are your help, the explanation you eat and have a rooftop over your head. Be that as it may, a few specialists despite everything have faith in the dream fantasy. On the off chance that youre an adherent to that supernatural being, at that point independent composing isn't for you. This business is for the intense, innovative sort ready to spend numerous hours making duplicate and appropriating thoughts. Dissipate the dream legend and become increasingly productive in your vocation with these tips. I utilized them to improve my question yield. Toward the start of my profession, I submitted about a question seven days. As my business abilities and innovativeness blossomed, I grew up to three pitches every day. 1. Numerous magazines have Twitter channels inserted at their sites. Site tweets are extraordinary spots for article thoughts, particularly on the off chance that you need to pitch a convenient point. For instance, I grabbed the eye of a territorial business-magazine supervisor 2. In the event that you get a dismissal, do what I realized in school experimental writing class. Consider your to be as anecdotal characters. Your sources can be as convincing as Mr. Darcy and Carrie Bradshaw. To begin with, portray your sources instructive and proficient foundation; dig into their obligations, their family lives, what they like, what they detest. For instance, expound on the health specialist you needed to use in your dismissed question from Prevention. Expound on her school a long time at Princeton, her years as a corporate legal counselor on Wall Street, how she got away from the futile daily existence and turned into her fantasy occupation. Previously, she was only a specialist in a wellbeing article. Presently, she can be profiled in a womans magazine; referenced in a way of life magazine for legal advisors or health specialists; accentuated in a provincial magazine in New Jersey. 3. Compose pre-pitches. This thought doesnt work when youre new to an editorial manager. Be that as it may, in the event that you got support from a manager who dismissed your inquiries, have a go at presenting a short sentence depicting your thought and mentioning whether the supervisor thinks that its a decent match. In the wake of distributing my first article on a women's activist site, Ive figured out how to routinely send sentence-long pitches to the overseeing editors. Once in a while I get an acknowledgment. Regardless of whether you as of now compose low maintenance, my tips will assist you with systems administration with editors. In an industry where youre rivaling a large number of different journalists and a huge number of different thoughts, youre just tantamount to submitting articles on schedule and building a decent notoriety with distributions. The dream fantasy doesnt perceive that. Like a languid sentimental accomplice, it must go. Behlor Santi thebxscribbbler1980@gmail.com www.behlorsanti.net

Book Banning Essay Example for Free

Book Banning Essay Every year, libraries over the United States report many difficulties. The main sources for challenging a book are explicitly express substance, hostile language and improper subjects for minors [source: American Library Association]. Just a minority of the solicitations really endure to forbidding the book from its particular library. The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To Kill a Mockingbird. The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These artistic works of art have been indispensable to the training of many, particularly youngsters and teenagers. These incredible books both show significant qualities and instruct youngsters about world undertakings and great subjects. Sadly, every one of these books has been prohibited at one point in time. A large number of these great stories have been prohibited in view of sexual references, racial slurs, strict bigotry, or assumed black magic advancement. Albeit some may consider these books dubious or improper, numerous English classes have expected us to peruse these books. Like the educators that relegated us these books, I accept that even disputable books can at last lift, not hinder, our instructive riches. I restrict book prohibiting for three fundamental reasons. To begin with, I accept that training ought to be available to everybody. Everybody ought to have a chance to peruse any writing based on their personal preference and structure their own feelings dependent on the perusing. Micah Issitt records three essential rights secured under the opportunity of the press: the option to distribute, the privilege to privacy of sources, and the privilege of residents to get to the results of the press. My subsequent explanation explicitly addresses the last right expressing that residents ought to approach the press. The administration ought not confine books from being distributed or meddle into individual issues as this is an encroachment of the First Amendment. At last, I accept that guardians should screen what their own kids read, however not have the position to prohibit other youngsters from perusing these books. Therefore, I reason that the administration should assume no job in the issue what residents do and don't peruse, and that book limitation ought to stay an exclusively private issue. From the outset, the discussion over restricting books seems irrelevant. In any case, this discussion has partitioned our country into the individuals who favor editing books to secure their susceptible teenagers, and the individuals who contend that training ought to be open for everyone without impedance from the administration in confining the distributing and getting to of these books. Issitt contends that controlling books damages the First Amendment, expressing that residents must be allowed to search out any media, paying little heed to content, that they regard fitting for diversion, data, or training. Precluding the rights from securing the buyer, in any territory, is one of the signs of dictatorship. While I don't liken restricting books with dictatorship, we do underwrite Issitts conviction that singular residents reserve the privilege to pick, under their own caution, what books to peruse. The First Amendment secures the opportunity of articulation and discourse, and by forbidding certain messages, the administration plainly encroaches upon open rights. Then again, Healey claims that oversight doesn't subdue data that young people and kids are presented to, yet just gives guardians the rights to instruct their kids in the manners they esteem fitting. In spite of the fact that I yield that guardians do reserve the option to screen what their kids read, they don't reserve the privilege to expel books from open libraries or screen what other kids in the city read. Healey endeavors to convince perusers that restriction of books ought not be tied in with quieting voices on significant points, yet about guiding youngsters toward the most ideal writing; notwithstanding, she neglects to indicate what comprises as the most ideal writing. Probably the most ideal literatures† likewise happen to cause the most discussion, including Huck Finn, Harry Potter, The Scarlet Letter, and To Kill a Mockingbird. The individuals who challenge these books have obviously not considered them top to bottom. For instance, the fundamental topic in Huckleberry Finn centers not around upholding prejudice, as some recommend, yet demonstrating that race doesn't characterize a people knowledge or ability for empathy. Indeed, even Healey concedes that concerned guardians and network individuals respond without setting aside the effort to intently explore the books they need restricted. While I concur that guardians should assume a functioning job in instructing their youngsters and as their essential watchmen, have the legitimate option to screen what their kids read, I differ that this lawful right reaches out to controlling what other kids in the local read also. Disallowing youngsters from perusing a book won't upgrade their virtues. Or maybe, prohibiting a book more probable will expand interest for understanding it. I likewise understand guardians who boycott books with questionable or awkward subjects since they are uncertain regarding how their youngsters will respond or how to clarify such themes. A decent method to talk about these subjects with youngsters is to peruse books with different perspectives regarding the matter so kids can encounter numerous perspectives before shaping their own assessments. Healey herself concurs that such a technique may assist youthful with peopling better comprehend the world they live in, the human condition, and issues they face in their way of life. As Healey expressed, guardians likewise will in general boycott books dependent on moral grounds, albeit a few books have been denounced for their points of view on urban qualities and history. For this very explanation, the overall population should peruse these books. Our general public, particularly our more youthful kids, needs to peruse these books since completely understanding a subject requires information on the two sides. On the off chance that we decide to dismiss even a profoundly disagreeable supposition, we purposefully decide to live in numbness, just in part taught in a subject we guarantee to know so well. No ifs, ands or buts, on the off chance that we keep on restricting books and disregard what some think about untouchable points, we thwart ourselves and our kids from discovering approaches to take care of societys issues, in this manner hampering the advancement of our country overall. Numerous preservationist bunches make the contention that the books that have been prohibited have material that is wrong, indecent or negating the convictions they have instilled in their youngsters or potentially their general public. Take for thought the dubious books that tackle troublesome, delicate social issues like homosexuality. Books like Heather Has Two Mommies, by Leslea Newman and Daddys Roommate by Michael Willhoite (the two books composed for youth with gay guardians) were shot somewhere around traditionalist gatherings since they endeavored to teach youngsters about homosexuality, an issue guardians felt should have been educated to their individual kids by them. While this may appear to be a legitimate contention, truly it is simply avoiding around the genuine issue. Book-prohibiting cases ordinarily concern the security of youngsters and their blamelessness, however all that is occurring is shielding guardians indicating a clumsy shirking of their childrens showdown with awkward issues. It isn't just egotistical, yet in addition hurtful to the general instruction of their kids. This demonstration of forbidding books is only the parents’ method of sidestepping of the discussion with their youngster about these delicate issues. These two books are issues that Healey raises in her contention on how gatherings were vexed about the manner in which these books educated their youngsters regarding homosexuality. Homosexuality and other tricky social issues are a piece of regular day to day existence, and for a gathering to endeavor to blue pencil this subject from more youthful society is practically silly; these issues are not tremendous and the oversight of them shows partiality as well as absence of regard. Prohibiting books is by all accounts the most open answer for a private issue not every person ought to need to endure limitations since one gathering feels awkward with the book. That being stated, there are regularly books that contain realistic and frequently exceptionally improper material; I do assent that these books ought to be edited at the prudence of the parent, or anybody included be that as it may, nobody is constraining books upon others, so we ought not be compelled to expel them. Different gatherings would state that its additionally the obligation of the legislature to control these books to ensure concerned residents and their families, however I would need to oppose this idea. Its the specific inverse of the administrations job our private lives, the books we read, ought to be managed and constrained by us. Prohibiting books from open assemblages isn't what the administration was expected to do. Subjects that appear to be socially prohibited out in the open, not to mention distributed, have been restricted on the grounds that their improper substance may negatively affect more youthful youngsters. In these books, writers doesnt advance or empower terrible practices, they set up their perusers for a portion of this present reality challenges. The youngster could always be unable to gain proficiency with these things if the book was restricted, nor have the option to frame their own assessment about that specific point. Healey talks about that the book, 33 Snowfish, a dull story of three young wanderers who are casualties of different types of maltreatment by Adam Rapp might be an unacceptable method to instruct kids on these opportune subjects. Be that as it may, having these accounts restricted all together would simply additionally shield a kid whose guardians may not be happy to talk about these issues with them by any stretch of the imagination. Despite the fact that these books revolve around terrifying subjects, they are teaching kids on genuine issues that they will be presented to once they adventure into the world themselves. Healey proceeds to point out that the books ought not be prohibited also, since it involves private conclusion not one to be made by the open libraries of a network. She proposes that scho

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thank you to all of the new students that have been sending in photos.   It can take me a bit to catch up as they come in so thanks for your patience.   For new students that want to contribute, please see this entry for instructions. The first set of photos were sent in by Sujata Bordoloi, an incoming MPA student with an Economic and Development focus. __________________________ The first two photos are of a school in the Wau region of Southern Sudan. The rusty tank is a reminder of the 21 years of civil war. Children in Southern Sudan finally get a chance to return to normalcy albeit in very basic conditions. The school ground used to be a Church where children now gather under trees to learn. Resources are scarce and teachers lack the requisite training to assimilate newly enrolled repatriated children from neighbouring Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. It does not deter teachers and children from coming to school everyday with chairs and blackboards in 50 degrees heat a truly inspiring sight! First day at a temporary school for children from a slum in Martissant, Port-Au-Prince. This was one of the first temporary schools to have opened in PAP 7 weeks after the disaster. The earthquake of January 2010 in Haiti was more devastating than the 2004 Tsunami in terms of the thousands of people killed and millions rendered homeless and without basic services. _________________________ The next set of photos were submitted by Ryan Arant, an incoming MIA student. _________________________ The first photo was taken in Dahiya, the Hezbollah controlled Shiite borough of southern Beirut shortly after the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War.   It was taken during a thoroughly guided tour of the area and with the not so tacit approval of our hosts. The second photograph was taken in the Palestinian refugee camp Sabra and Shatila in West Beirut.   This child was one of the tens of thousands of refugees displaced from the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp near Tripoli by a conflict between the Lebanese Internal Security Forces and the Fatah al-Islam militant group.   His face was painted as a show of support for Palestinian solidarity. The third photo was taken in Syria about 50 miles outside of the city of Hama.   The man in this photograph (a shepherd named Amjed) not only invited me and my companions to spend the afternoon with him in his tentâ€" he also rode his horse several miles into the desert to search for (and almost instantly find) a missing cell phone, used several days worth of his earnings to provide us with a meal, and managed to disinfect a series of wounds I had recently acquired in a fall with arak, the locally popular aniseed-flavored liquor (in the latter case completely against my will).

The Debate of Integration into Classrooms - 1186 Words

Introduction The subject of integrating children with disability into regular classrooms has been the epicenter of debate among scholars and practitioners in the special education industry. This owes to the reality that authors like Berg (2004) and Cassady (2011) made publications on the topic in question. It is critical that the integration of physically and mentally disabled children into regular classes is a transforming global issue that must be subjected to various applications and interpretations. In fact, Cassady (2011) asserts that the idea of integrating students with disabilities into regular classrooms causes controversy among administrators, teachers, and parents. This topic is controversial because some scholars believe that all students qualify to attend regular classrooms while other scholars argue that only those students that can maintain identified rates of academic progress should attend regular classrooms. The idea of integrating children with disabilities into regular classes has been implemented in several nationalities. For instance, in the United States of America, seventy percent of children with disabilities spent forty percent of their day in public schools. The integration of students with disabilities (in the United States) was made possible by the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (Winter and O’Raw, 2010). Consequently, other nations emulated America because the same author affirms that all European Union countries have theShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is The Most Useful Source Of Information For Gathering Any Type Of Materials1067 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation inside the classroom. Leanna brooks states in here article about Challenges, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Instructional Technology in the Community College Classroom that, â€Å"Technology use ï ¬ nds itself woven into an almost daily educational discourse and debate. 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Tattoos on the Heart Success Essay - 1808 Words

Gregory Boyle begins chapter eight: â€Å"Success with a few questions that seem so simplistic at first glance. What is success and what is failure? What is good and what is bad? Setback or progress?† (Boyle 167). Taking a few moments to process these questions, one realizes that the question is quite complex and difficult. Success has such a subjective definition that it can only be defined by the one who answers the question of â€Å"what is success to you?† and has no universal definition. Specifically with gang members, success in the context of their lives is about personal growth and less about tangible results. â€Å"Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will†¦show more content†¦Just like the questions Boyle proposed at the beginning of the chapter; there was difficulty in making a connection between the death of a child and the idea of success. With further evalu ation it became evident that success was not in what happened, but what did not happen. It is safe to assume that the majority of people would consider the death of a child a failure, but the majority of people fail to look past this isolated event. The gang members were ready to claim vengeance as theirs and continue the cycle of pain, death, and violence. But because of a tragedy stricken mother the cycle was broken right then and there. The breaking of this negative downward spiral is a success in its own right. Another mother would not need to receive the news of her son being shot, another confused gang member would not end up in the penitentiary system, and another child would not be left fatherless. Just as every cloud has its silver lining; unfathomable sadness has positive aspects within itself. Mark Torres, S.J., beloved spiritual guide at Homeboy Industries, says, â€Å"We see in the homies what they don’t see in themselves, until they do† (Boyle 178). 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Essay A Visit to the Zoo Free Essays

A Visit to the Zoo Zoo is a place where all sorts of tame and wild animals are kept. There are birds and beasts which tell us about the flora and fauna of our country as well as foreign countries. It is in this respect a giver of knowledge and information. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay: A Visit to the Zoo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Delhi zoo is housed in the Purana Kila on the Mathura Road. It has a fine and rare collection of birds and animals from all parts of the world. The zoo is spread over several acres of land. The birds and animals are kept, as far as possible, in their natural surroundings. There is a moat encircling the enclosures of wild animals so that they might not escape. One day I went to the zoo in the company of some of my friends. We bought tickets at the gate, and entered the zoo. First we came upon the enclosure where water fowls were swimming in water. The ducks and drakes were swimming and picking up things thrown to them. We enjoyed their playful antics for some time and moved on. Next we came to the enclosure of the wild animals. There were lions, tigers, and leopards belonging to different countries. The Gir lion of India seemed to be most ferocious. The enclosures smelt of meat, provided to them everyday. In another enclosure were the monkeys. They too, were of several varieties. The ape with a black face seemed to be the most mischievous. He was all the time grinning at the onlookers. The visitors threw parched grams to the monkeys and they seemed to relish it. At a small distance we saw a peacock. It was dancing. I ran to that side. The peacock seemed td be unmindful of the presence of the crowd. Closeby was an enclosure for the deer. It covered a vast area and the deer were roaming about freely- Near to the enclosure we saw a buffalo-like animal. It was the rhino munching some maize plants. It looked dreadful with its sharp horn on the nose. The sight of the rhino at once reminded me of the adventure of Colonel White as given in our text-book of English. On our way back we saw some elephants. They were being used for a joy-ride on payment. Lastly, we saw the covered enclosures where birds were flying about. They were of different colours and shapes. Now it was getting dark. The bell rang and we came out. The visit to the zoo added a good deal to our knowledge of birds and beasts. How to cite Essay: A Visit to the Zoo, Essays

Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid Essays

Synthesis and Purification of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA or Aspirin) Introduction Salicylic acid is a phenol as well as a carboxylic acid. It can therefore undergo two different types of esterification reactions, creating an ester either with the hydroxyl or with the acid. In the presence of acetic anhydride, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin or ASA) is formed. Correspondingly, an excess of methanol will form methyl salicylate, which is also an analgesic. In this experiment, we will use the first reaction in order to prepare aspirin. Salicylic acid will not react significantly with acetic acid to produce aspirin. Acetic acid anhydride, however, is more reactive than acetic acid because its acetate group (CH3CO2-1) is a much better leaving group than the HO-1 from the acetic acid. The reaction has one complication, however, in that an esterification can occur between the phenol and acid portion of adjacent salicylic acid molecules. Further, more molecules can bind to the remaining free substituents on these molecules to create a macromolecule, or polymer. The polymer is formed as a by-product. Acetylsalicylic acid will react with sodium bicarbonate to form a water- soluble sodium salt, whereas the polymer remains insoluble. This difference will be used to purify the aspirin product. The most likely impurity in the final product is salicylic acid, which can be either unconsumed reactant, or the result of hydrolysis of the aspirin product. Salicylic acid is removed during the purification steps as well. Salicylic acid, like most phenols, forms a highly colored complex with ferric chloride, and is easily detected. Aspirin does not form the colored complex because the hydroxyl has been acetylated. [pic] Background Reading McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 8th Ed., pp 830 and 835 (7th Ed, pp 802 & 806-7). J. Beran, Lab Manual for Principles of General Chemistry, 9th and 8th Ed., Experiment 19, pg 231. Key Words phenol, carboxylic acid, ester, acid anhydride, macromolecule Compound, Reaction, and Yield Data Provide systematic names for the reactant and product in the substance section. Provide tabulated and experimental melting ranges for product. Report mass and moles for the reactant and product, and calculate yield % on a molar basis. Mechanism The mechanism is called nucleophilic acyl substitution. It is similar, but not identical, to the hydrolysis on pg 830 in McMurry 8e. The electrophile is an acid anhydride, not an acid chloride. The entering nucleophile is salicylic acid (its phenol O), not water. On the resulting tetrahedral intermediate, the H from salicylic acid moves to the middle O on the anhydride. Finally, the leaving group is acetic acid, rather than chloride. No base is involved. Provide structures of all intermediates in your lab report. Substances 2.0 g salicylic acid 5.0 mL acetic anhydride 5 drops concentrated H2SO4 25 ml saturated NaHCO3(aq) 3.5 mL concentrated HCl Apparatus one 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask 70-mm filter paper and Buchner funnel 250-mL or 500-ml vacuum flask Procedure Part A: Synthesis 1. Weigh 2.0 g of salicylic acid crystals. Place in a 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask. 2. In a hood, slowly add 5.0 ml of acetic anhydride and 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to the flask Caution - Concentrated H2SO4 solutions are corrosive and cause acid burns. Carboxylic acid anhydrides are corrosive and extremely hygroscopic. They will cause burns, and they have a strong vinegar-like odor. Use gloves and avoid all contact with skin, eyes, and nose. Perform entire step in fume hood. 3. Swirl the flask gently until the salicylic acid has completely dissolved. If mixture solidifies completely, proceed to step 4. 4. Heat the flask in a boiling water bath (100 oC) for a minimum of 10 minutes. Clamp the flask to a stand so that it does not fall over into the water bath. 5. Allow the flask to cool slightly, and then place in an ice bath to crystallize the acetylsalicylic acid. If necessary, gently scratch the bottom of the flask with a glass rod (to initiate crystal formation on microscopic glass particles). 6. After crystals have formed, add 50 ml of DI water, and cool the mixture in an ice bath. Do not add water until crystallization is complete. Also, place a beaker of DI water in the ice bath and cool to use in later steps. 7. Collect the product by vacuum filtration using a 70-mm filter paper and Buchner funnel. The filtrate can be used to rinse the Erlenmeyer flask repeatedly until all of the crystals have been collected. 8. Rinse the crystals collected in the funnel with 5 - 10 ml of 5 oC DI water. Then, apply vacuum to the crystals for 30 seconds to remove all of the

Brain Gym; Exercises

Brain Gym; Exercises Brain Gym exercises are exercises designed to help the brain function better during the learning process. As such, you can think of Brain Gym exercises as part of the overall theory of multiple intelligence. These exercises are based on the idea that simple physical exercise helps blood flow to the brain and can help improve the learning process by making sure the brain stays alert. Students can use these simple exercises on their own, and teachers can use them in class to help keep energy levels up throughout the day. These simple exercises are based on the copyrighted work of Paul E. Dennison, Ph.D., and Gail E. Dennison. Brain Gym  is a registered trademark of Brain Gym  International. I first encountered Brain Gym in Smart Moves, a best-selling book written by Carla Hannaford, Ph.D. Dr. Hannaford states that our bodies are very much a part of all our learning, and learning is not an isolated brain function. Every nerve and cell is a network contributing to our intelligence and our learning capability. Many educators have found this work quite helpful in improving overall concentration in class. Introduced here, you will find four basic Brain Gym exercises which implement the ideas developed in Smart Moves and can be used quickly in any classroom. Below is a series of movements called PACE. They are surprisingly simple, but very effective! Everyone has a unique PACE and these activities will help both teacher and student become positive, active, clear and energetic for learning. For colorful, fun PACE and Brain Gym ® supplies contact the Edu-Kinesthetics on-line bookstore at Braingym. Drink Water As Carla Hannaford says, Water comprises more of the brain (with estimates of 90%) than of any other organ of the body. Having students drink some water before and during class can help grease the wheel. Drinking water is very important before any stressful situation - tests! - as we tend to perspire under stress, and de-hydration can effect our concentration negatively. Brain Buttons Put one hand so that there is as wide a space as possible between the thumb and index finger.Place your index and thumb into the slight indentations below the collar bone on each side of the sternum. Press lightly in a pulsing manner.At the same time put the other hand over the navel area of the stomach. Gently press on these points for about 2 minutes. Cross Crawl Stand or sit. Put the right hand across the body to the left knee as you raise it, and then do the same thing for the left hand on the right knee just as if you were marching.Just do this either sitting or standing for about 2 minutes. Hook Ups Stand or sit. Cross the right leg over the left at the ankles.Take your right wrist and cross it over the left wrist and link up the fingers so that the right wrist is on top.Bend the elbows out and gently turn the fingers in towards the body until they rest on the sternum (breast bone) in the center of the chest. Stay in this position.Keep the ankles crossed and the wrists crossed and then breathe evenly in this position for a few minutes. You will be noticeably calmer after that time. More Whole Brain Techniques and Activities Have you had any experience using whole brain, NLP, Suggestopedia, Mind Maps or the like? Would you like to know more? Join the discussion in the forum. Using Music in the Classroom Six years ago researchers reported that people scored better on a standard IQ test after listening to Mozart. You would be surprised at how much music can also help  English learners. A visual explanation of the different parts of the brain, how they work and an example ESL EFL exercise employing the specific area. The use of colored pens to help the right brain remember patterns. Each time you use the pen it reinforces the learning process. Helpful Drawing Hints A picture paints a thousand words - Easy techniques to make quick sketches that will help any artistically challenged teacher - like myself! - use drawings on the board to encourage and stimulate class discussion. Suggestopedia: Lesson Plan Introduction and  lesson plan to a concert using the suggestopedia approach to effective/affective learning.

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hesss Law

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Hess's Law Hesss Law, also known as Hesss Law of Constant Heat Summation, states that the total enthalpy of a chemical reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the steps of the reaction. Therefore, you can find enthalpy change by breaking a reaction into component steps that have known enthalpy values. This example problem demonstrates strategies for  how to use Hesss Law to find the enthalpy change of a reaction using enthalpy data from similar reactions. Hess's Law Enthalpy Change Problem What is the value for ΔH for the following reaction?CS2(l) 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) 2 SO2(g)Given:C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molS(s) O2(g) → SO2(g); ΔHf -296.8 kJ/molC(s) 2 S(s) → CS2(l); ΔHf 87.9 kJ/mol Solution Hesss law says the total enthalpy change does not rely on the path taken from beginning to end. Enthalpy can be calculated in one grand step or multiple smaller steps.To solve this type of problem, we need to organize the given chemical reactions where the total effect yields the reaction needed. There are a few rules that must be followed when manipulating a reaction. The reaction can be reversed. This will change the sign of ΔHf.The reaction can be multiplied by a constant. The value of ΔHf must be multiplied by the same constant.Any combination of the first two rules may be used. Finding a correct path is different for each Hesss law problem and may require some trial and error. A good place to start is to find one of the reactants or products where there is only one mole in the reaction.We need one CO2, and the first reaction has one CO2 on the product side.C(s) O2(g) → CO2(g), ΔHf -393.5 kJ/molThis gives us the CO2 we need on the product side and one of the O2 moles we need on the reactant side.To get two more O2 moles, use the second equation and multiply it by two. Remember to multiply the ΔHf by two as well.2 S(s) 2 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g), ΔHf 2(-326.8 kJ/mol)Now we have two extra S and one extra C molecule on the reactant side we dont need. The third reaction also has two S and one C on the reactant side. Reverse this reaction to bring the molecules to the product side. Remember to change the sign on ΔHf.CS2(l) → C(s) 2 S(s), ΔHf -87.9 kJ/molWhen all three reactions are added, the extra two sulfur and one extra c arbon atoms are canceled out, leaving the target reaction. All that remains is adding up the values of ΔHf.ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol 2(-296.8 kJ/mol) (-87.9 kJ/mol)ΔH -393.5 kJ/mol - 593.6 kJ/mol - 87.9 kJ/molΔH -1075.0 kJ/molAnswer:  The change in enthalpy for the reaction is -1075.0 kJ/mol. Facts About Hess's Law Hesss Law takes its name from Russian chemist and physician Germain Hess. Hess investigated thermochemistry and published his law of thermochemistry in 1840.To apply Hesss Law, all of the component steps of a chemical reaction need to occur at the same temperature.Hesss Law may be used to calculate  entropy and Gibbs energy in addition to enthalpy.

Democracy, Equality, and the Supreme Court Essay

Democracy, Equality, and the Supreme Court - Essay Example Our regular elections work to keep the government in check as special interests, elected officials, political groups, and lobbyists jockey for the inside track at making laws and enacting policy. As these differing political and social forces meet, our civil society demands that their disagreements be settled peacefully and that the participants will honor the settlement. The real power of America's Democracy does not lie in the people, elected officials, special interests, or lobby groups. Our rule lies in our body of law and the constitution. Over the centuries, laws, rights, and freedoms have been challenged and debated. The US Supreme Court, the highest arbitrator in the land, has been the seat of responsibility for progress and the expression of these freedoms. Our individual and collective rights are protected and directed by the decisions made by the Court. We can measure and view our nation's progress by looking at the history of our Democracy through the court's decisions. The case of Marbury vs. Madison set the precedent that the Supreme Court would be the ultimate and final voice in constitutional questions and could void any law seen as contrary to the constitution. The court was further granted the power to determine the legality of the actions of the various branches of government and laid the foundation for the court's power, as well as our belief in a system guided by law and not men. Though the case was initiated over rather insignificant quarrels among the Republicans and Federalists, its effect has been paramount and enduring. Marbury vs, Madison has been the basis for bringing other landmark cases before the Supreme Court. The court had laid the groundwork as an arena to fight for individual rights as granted by the constitution. The case of Derd Scott vs. Sandford is an interesting case in that it was hoped that the court's decision would diminish further debate on the slavery issue. However, the court's finding that states could not outlaw slavery further divided the nation and led to the Civil War. Through great political pressure and deep differences, the court ruled that the constitution did not provide protection from slavery. This was not the failing of an unsympathetic court, it was a shortcoming in the constitution. But our founders had made provisions for the constitution to be fixed as the future would dictate. The decision ultimately led to the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments which constitutionally guaranteed citizenship and equal rights for African-Americans and former slaves. Other decisions by the court have been viewed by history as contrary to freedom and liberty. In some of these cases, the court has overturned a previous ruling as changing times have dictated. Two such cases were Plessey vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of Education. Plessey vs. Ferguson argued for definition of equality as guaranteed by the 14th amendment. The case was brought when Plessey, a Louisiana black, was arrested for violating the Separate Car Act. He had challenged the law that legalized segregation in public transportation and elsewhere. The court upheld Louisiana's segregationist laws under a finding that came to be known as

United Nations and Rwanda Genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Nations and Rwanda Genocide - Essay Example The UN organization was formed in 1945 after the World War II ended. It was formed to ensure that the world became a better place of living for everyone. In other words it was formed to avoid war, killings, injustice and promote peace in all areas of the world. It basically aimed to influence all the countries of the world through economic progress, social security and international law. Presently it has 192 Member states which have to follow the rules laid down by the UN in the general assembly along with 5 permanent states and 10 non permanent states in the Security Council. It also has an Economic and Social council which has 54 members and an international court of justice consisting of fifteen judges. It has a Trusteeship council and a secretariat which are discussed subsequently. The United Nations through its five bodies is helping to maintain international politics in such a way that the whole world remains in peace and harmony. It is basically acting as a judge of politics s o that countries do not fight or the populations of the countries do not suffer either financially or physically because of any threat. In order to develop a norm for all the countries international laws are laid down by the United Nations which have to be followed by all the member countries. These international laws are regulated by treaties between the UN and the countries. These treaties are broad as they consider many aspects of the society such as human rights, refugees and border restrictions (United Nations 2010). The question now arises as to if the United Nations has remained successful in achieving its objectives or not. This question can be viewed from several perspectives as some would view the role of United Nations to be limited to only the betterment of itself however some would view the UN to be an organization which is working for the betterment in the society. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that th e UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. On the contrary many other successful scenarios of UN can also be analyzed all over the world which shows that they have regulated international politics in such a way that many wars have been avoided. An example of Indo Pak can be cited here which was stopped with the help of UN intervention. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that the UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. The United Nations Security Council played an important role in the failure of the organization in the Rwanda genocide when it did not forward directives to the soldiers to bring an immediate ceasefire between the fighting groups of Hutus and Tutsis. The genocide occurred because of the complete failure of UN as the region of Rwanda had been suffering from trouble since 1918. The trouble began in 1918 when the Belgians took over Rwanda which comprised of two ethnic g roups namely Tutsis and Hutus. The Tutsis were less in number than the Hutus but still they were given the leading positions of the state by the Belgian forces. This was the step which created anger amongst the Hutus and they began to react. After Rwanda gained independence from Belgium the Hutus came with a strike on the Tutsis and exiled them from the region making their own president. The Tutsis then formed a militia known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In 1991 the RPF launched an attack on the state of Rwanda killing many Hutus and this led to an organization of army by the state leading to massacres of the people living in the region who were mainly Tutsis. It was in 1993 that a pact was signed under the supervision of UN between the RPF and the state government of Rwanda. It was after this act that UN Security Council had to follow all the happenings of the region but it did not do so even though it was constantly reminded by the commander Romeo Dallaire (Dallaire 2004) . In 1993 an army

Literature Review On Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature Review On Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay Remote sensing is the science or art of acquiring information about the Earths surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. In much of remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between incident radiation and the targets of interest. (Dr. S. M. Rahman, 2001). Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation  in areas such as the  Amazon Basin,  glacial  features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and  depth sounding  of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the  Cold War  made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed. Remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging from  weather forecasts  to reports on  climate change  or  natural disasters. As an example, 80% of the German students use the services of  Google Earth. (Wikipedia, 2012) In recent time, with mans increasing interventions with the environment, the situation is aggravated. The quality of available data is extremely uneven. Land use planning based on unreliable data can lead to costly and gross errors. Soil erosion research is a capital-intensive and time-consuming exercise. Global extrapolation on the basis of few data collected by diverse and non-standardized methods can lead to gross errors and it can also lead to costly mistakes and misjudgements on critical policy issues. So, remote sensing provides convenient solution for this problem. Moreover, voluminous data gathered with the help of remote sensing techniques are batter handled and utilized with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS). (M. H. Mohamed Rinos, 2000) There are two different approaches that can be adopted for determining the characteristics of landslide from remote sensing data. The first approach determines more qualitative characteristics such as number, distribution, type and character of debris flow. This can be achieved with either satellite or air borne imagery collected in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The next approach complements the qualitative characterization, estimating dimensions (e.g. length, width, thickness and local slope, motion, and debris distribution) along and across the mass movement. (V. Singhroy, 2004) Literature Review on Geographical Information System (GIS) Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to arrange the computer hardware, software, and geographic data. It helps the people interact, analyze, identify relationship and find the solutions to the problems. The system is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display studied data and used to perform analyses (ESRI, 2005). Since 1970s, GIS has been used to analyze various environments. But the extensive application of GIS to hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and flood mapping and management begin from early 1990s. (Maidment, 2000). GIS has the ability to represent elevation in terms of topographic surfaces is central to geomorphological analyses and thus to the importance of representing topography using Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It is through the distribution of soil that the land surface changes over the long term and so the ability to link sediment transfer with DEM changes. (Schmidt, 2000) ArcView GIS desktop software provided the tools of map features that will affect a propertys value such as crime rates, environmental hazards, and the condition of surrounding neighborhoods and properties. ESRIs ArcGIS is a GIS which is working with maps and geographic information. ArcGIS software can be used for following functions: creating and using maps, compiling geographic data, analyzing mapped information, sharing and discovering geographic information, using maps and geographic information in a range of applications, and managing geographic information in database. (Wikipedia, ArcGIS, 2012). The ArcGIS provides tools for constructing maps and geographic information. Literature review on soil erosion Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation along with soil compaction, low organic matter, and loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinization, and soil acidity problems (Wall, 2003). When the degradation of the soil is getting serious, it will contribute in accelerate the soil erosion. Soil erosion is a natural process; it usually does not cause any major problem to the environment. The soil is carried by the agents such as wind, water, ice, animals, and the use of tools by man. Soil erosion is a very slow process and even unnoticeable sometime, but it may occur at an alarming rate which causing the loss of topsoil. Farmers worldwide are losing about 24 billion tonnes of topsoil each year. In developing countries, because of the population pressure forces land to be more intensively farmed, the erosion rates per acre are twice as high as the standard. The soil erosion also will affect the productivity and growth. This is because when the soils are depleted and crops receive poor nourishment from the soil, the food provides poor nourishment to people. The rate of losses soil is faster than the creation of new soil. The difference between creation and loss represents an annual loss of 7.5 to 10 tonnes per acre worldwide. (DeHaan, 1992) The eroded soil that enters watercourse will reduce the water quality, reduces the efficiency of the particulars drainage system and also decreases the storage capacity of lakes. Sediment is the eroded soil that settles in the water systems. Accumulation of the sediment will reduce the capacity of a river or reservoirs to hold flood water. Thus, it requires a lot of money to clean the sediment often and manually. Sediment also can block the sunlight for aquatic plant and inhibit fish spawning. The water becomes not safe for drinking if there is runoff of chemical and nutrients from surrounding farmers fields. In Malaysia, soil erosion is a common natural occurrence. This is due to particular topography, soils and corresponding vegetation that predominate and the extensive rainfall that the country experiences. However, accelerated soil erosion is becoming a serious problem in Malaysia because of rapid land use developments. Various forms of erosion control have been proposed to develop the land in ways that are sensitive to its geography. (Abdullah, 2005) Literature review on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation The development of Universal Soil Loss Equation (ULSE) initially was to assist soil conservationists in farm planning. They used ULSE to estimate the soil loss on specific slopes in specific fields. USLE was a guide for the conservationist and farmer to control the erosion if the estimated soil loss exceeded acceptable limits. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a science tool that has been improved over the last several years. It is based on USLE and makes some improvement on the equation. The RULSE has improved the effects of soil roughness and the effect of local weather on the prediction of soil loss and sediment delivery. (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, 2003). RUSLE can be used for site evaluation and planning purposes and to aid in the decision in selecting erosion control measure. The RUSLE provides numbers to substantiate the benefits of planned erosion control measures and also an estimate of severity of erosion. A = R.K.LS.C.P A is annual soil loss (tonnes/ha/year). R is rainfall erosivity factor. It is an erosion index for the given storm period (MJ.mm/ha/h) K is soil erodibility factor. It is the erosion rate for a specific soil continuous fallow condition on a 9% slope having a length of 22.1m (tonnes/ha/(MJ.mm/ha/h)) LS are topographic factor. It represents the slope length and the slope steepness. It represents the ratio of the soil loss from a specific site to that from a unit site (9% slope with slope length 22.1m) while other parameters are held constant. C is the cover management factor. It represents the protective coverage of canopy and organic material in direct contact with the ground. P is the support practice factor. It includes the soil conservation operations and other measure of control erosion. Literature review on USLE and RUSLE Table 2.1 Comparison of USLE and RUSLE (Renard, 1991) Factor USLE RUSLE R Based on long term average rainfall conditions for specific geographic areas Data from more weather stations and thus the value are more precise for any given location. RUSLE computes a correction to R. This is to reflect the effect of raindrop impact for flat slopes striking water ponded on the surface. K Based on soil texture, organic matter content, permeability, and other factors inherent to soil type. Adjusted to account for seasonal changes such as freezing and thawing, soil moisture, and soil consolidation. LS Based on length and steepness of slope, regardless of land use. Assigning new equations based on the ratio of rill to interrill erosion, and accommodates complex slopes. C Based on cropping sequence, surface residue, surface roughness, and canopy cover, with are weighted by the percentage. Lumps these factor into a table of soil loss ratios, by crop and tillage scheme. Sub factors (prior land use, canopy cover, surface cover, surface roughness, and soil moisture) are used. Dividing each year into rotation of 15 day intervals, then calculate the soil loss ratio for each period. The value need to recalculate if one of the sub factors change. RUSLE provides improved estimates of soil loss changes as they occur throughout the year, especially relating to surface and near surface residue and the effects of climate on residue decomposition. P Values change depending on the slope ranges with some distinction for various ridge heights. It is based on installation of practices that slow runoff and thus reduce soil movement. Values are based on hydrologic soil groups, slope, row grade, ridge height, and the 10 year single storm erosion index value. In RUSLE, it computes the effect of strip-cropping based on the transport capacity of flow in dense strips relative to the amount of sediment reaching the strip. The P factor for conservation planning considers the amount and location of deposition. Literature review on landslide Landslides are a type of soil erosion and major natural geological hazards. Each year, the landslide is responsible for enormous property damage which involves both direct and indirect costs. Malaysia experience frequent landslides. According to the local newspaper report in the years 2006-2009, along east coast highways in Peninsular Malaysia, in Sabah (East Malaysia) and in the island state of Penang, heavy rainfalls triggered landslides and mud flows. (Pradhan, 2009) Landslides happen when there are changes from a stable to an unstable condition in the stability of a slope. There are natural causes and human causes which contributing to a change in the stability of a slope. Natural causes of landslides include: Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the slope Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients and soil structure Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves Weakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy rains Earthquakes adding loads to barely table slope Earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes Volcanic eruptions Landslides that are due to human causes are: Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slope Vibrations from machinery or traffic Blasting Earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new loads on existing slope In shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that bind colluvium to bedrock Construction, agricultural or forestry activities which change the amount of water which infiltrates the soil. (Wikipedia, 2012) Landslides in Malaysia are mainly triggered by tropical rainfall and flash floods. The rainfall and floods cause the rock to fail along fracture, joint and cleavage planes. The geology of Malaysia is quite stable but continuous development and urbanization lead to deforestation and erosion of the covering soil layers thus causing serious threats to the slopes (Pradhan, 2007). Abandoned project at hill sites for a certain period which affecting the maintenance of the slopes could causing the slopes to collapse. List of landslide events happened in Malaysia: 1 May 1961 A landslide occurred in  Ringlet,  Cameron Highlands,  Pahang. 21 October 1993 The man-made  Pantai Remis landslide  caused a new  cove  to be formed in the coastline. 11 December 1993 48 people were killed when a block of the  Highland Towers collapsed  at  Taman Hillview,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. 30 June 1995 20 people were killed in the landslide at  Genting Highlands slip road  near  Karak Highway. 6 January 1996 A landslide in the  North-South Expressway  (NSE) near  Gua Tempurung,  Perak. 29 August 1996 A mudflow near Pos Dipang  Orang Asli  settlement in  Kampar,  Perak, 44 people were killed in this tragedy. 15 May 1999 A landslide near  Bukit Antarabangsa,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. Most of the  Bukit Antarabangsa  civilians were trapped. 20 November 2002 The  bungalow  of the  Affin Bank  chairman General (RtD) Tan Sri Ismail Omar collapse causing landslide in  Taman Hillview,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. December 2003 A rockfall in the  New Klang Valley Expressway  (NKVE) near the  Bukit Lanjan  interchange caused the expressway to close for more than six months. 31 May 2006 Four persons were killed in the  landslides  at Kampung Pasir, Ulu Klang, Selangor. 26 December 2007 Two villagers were buried alive in a major landslide, which destroyed nine wooden houses in Lorong 1, Kampung Baru Cina,  Kapit,  Sarawak. 12 February 2009 one contract worker was killed in a landslide at the construction site for a 43-storey condominium in  Bukit Ceylon,  Kuala Lumpur. 21 May 2011 16 people mostly 15 children and a caretaker of an orphanage were killed in a  landslide caused by heavy rains  at the Childrens Hidayah Madrasah Al-Taqwa orphanage in FELCRA Semungkis,  Hulu Langat,  Selangor. (Wikipedia, 2012) A scientific analyses of landslides need to be carry out to predict landslide-susceptible areas, and thus reduce landslide damages through proper preparation and mitigation. So, understanding landslides and preventing them is a serious challenge across worldwide. Literature review on past research and studies TITLE The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan AUTHOR, YEAR Lulseged Ayalew, Hiromitsu Yamagishi, 2005 STUDY AREA Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains and their surroundings. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To study the landslide risk around the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains. To study the use of logistic regression. To demonstrate the combination bivariate statistical analyses (BSA) to simplify the interpretation of the model. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Analytical approaches In LR or even in linear regression, it does little good to combine data with different measuring scales. Make sure that data have been normalized in a manner LR needs. Failure to do so generally leads to problems during the interpretation of the final results. Statistical results Overall model statistics of the regression conducted in this study using IDRISI. Coefficient positive indicating that they are positively related to the probability of landslide formation through the log transformation. Prediction probabilities and the construction of the susceptibility map In addition to the model statistics and coefficients, the final result of the regression process in IDRISI is a predicted map of probability defined by numbers that are constrained to fall between 0 and 1. The more these numbers are close to 1, the better they indicate the likelihood of finding the mapped landslides. Depending on the independent parameters considered, the landslide inventory map and the statistical approach used, the best predictor parameters and the predicted probability map of a logistic regression can vary considerably. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Landslides are portrayed according to the types of movements namely slide, fall, flow, spread and topple. The principle of logistic regression (LR) rests on the analysis of a problem, in which a result measured with dichotomous variables such as 0 and 1 or true and false, is determined from one or more independent factors. TITLE Assessment of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using remote sensing and GIS AUTHOR, YEAR Weifeng ZHOU and Bingfang WU, 2008 STUDY AREA Upstream Chaobaihe River catchment, north China. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To develop monitoring of soil losses in the upstream Chaobaihe River Catchment. To develop a model by using Geographic Information System tools. To compute sediment delivery ratio (SDR) per hydrological unit. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Data Collection Remote sensing data, digital elevation model (DEM), and land use and land cover GIS data were used. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Simple empirical model, based on regression analyses of soil loss rates on erosion plots in the USA. The model is designed to estimate long-term annual erosion rates for agricultural fields. A = R ·K ·L ·S ·C A represents mean (annual) soil loss, R is the rainfall erosive factor, K is the soil erosibility factor, L is the slope factor, S is the slope length factor, and C is the cover management factor. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The work indicated there are a number of advantages in using the modified USLE equation including the ability to combine it with a raster-based GIS to produce a cell-by-cell basis for mapping spatial patterns of soil erosion rates. The advantage of using a GIS raster based framework is that it allows one to quantify the impact of a single factor on the overall result and it can also easily be updated with improved datasets. TITLE Soil erosion hazard evaluation An integrated use of remote sensing, GIS and statistical approaches with biophysical parameters towards management strategies AUTHOR, YEAR Md. Rejaur Rahman, Z.H. Shi, Cai Chongfa, 2009 STUDY AREA Within the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei province of China. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To develope numerical model for soil erosion hazard assessment Tto analyze soil erosion by attempting to estimate the volumes or masses of soil loss METHODOLOGY / METHOD Analysis of study area The selected area is within the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei province of China. Sandy clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam on the study area play a dominant role in soil erosion by water. Data acquisition and preparation Prepare and analyze the different types of data in soil erosion prediction and hazard assessment as there are many factors that affect soil erosion status. Soil erosion estimation Models are needed to predict soil erosion rates under different resource and land-use conditions. Empirical erosion prediction models continue to play an important role in soil conservation planning and are widely used to predict soil erosion. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The Z-score analysis with GIS and selected parameters, provided a hazard assessment of soil erosion of the area. The methodology of combining the Z-score with GIS provided an improved method for the synthetic evaluation of soil erosion hazard, which extended the GIS capability of spatial analysis and the Z-score capability of multi-layer analysis. TITLE Spatial Prediction of Landslide Hazard Using Discriminant Analysis AUTHOR, YEAR Peter V. Gorsevski, Paul Gessler, Randy B. Foltz, 2000 STUDY AREA Rocky Point, a small watershed of the Clearwater River Basin in central Idaho. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To study the concept of Discriminant Analysis and GIS. To analyze the landslide hazard area on Rocky Point. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Help to analyze the multivariate data set. Discriminant Analysis Classify presence and absence of landslides using principal component scores. Discriminant analysis is a multivariate technique that is used to build rules that can classify landslide hazard into appropriate class. Cross-validation Estimate the probabilities of misclassification. Cross-validation method removes each observation vector from the calibration data set at a time, forms the discriminant rule based on all the remaining data to classify the removed observation, and notes whether the observation is correctly classified. GIS provided a detailed basis for spatial prediction of landslide hazard. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Hazard map generated. Graph of multivariate normal probability plot for the principal component scores. TITLE Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide hazard analysis and cross-validation using multivariate logistic regression model on three test areas in Malaysia. AUTHOR, YEAR Biswajeet Pradhan, 2010 STUDY AREA Penang, Cameron and Selangor. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To generate cross-validation of a multivariate logistic regression model using remote sensing and GIS for landslide hazard analysis. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Data and material Interpreting aerial photographs and satellite images (SPOT 5 and Landsat TM) of study area. These aerial photographs were taken during 1981-2006 and were acquired from Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency data archives. Data analysis using ARC/INFO GIS software package and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was constructed. These data are related to the primary e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ects (impact of debris or inclusion of a ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ected site from previously occurred landslides) of a wide variety of landslide types Model Approaching Traditional approach using a multivariate logistic regression model implemented in a GIS framework. The landslide hazard analysis is a function of a variety of variables that include slope, aspect, curvature, topography, distance from drainage, land cover, soil texture and types, geology and distance from lineament, rainfall precipitation, and the normalized di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence vegetation index (ndvi) The coefficient applied to the study area, for landslide hazard mapping. Multivariate logistic regression model Easier to use than discriminant analysis when have a mixture of numerical and categorical regressors , because it includes procedures for generating the necessary dummy variable automatically. Application of multivariate logistic regression model on landslide hazard mapping. Validation of the model. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The validation results showed a satisfying agreement between the hazard maps and the landslide locations verified in the field. TITLE GIS Application in Landslide Hazard Analysis AUTHOR, YEAR Chyi-Tyi Lee, 2009 STUDY AREA Shihmen Reservoir Catchment Area in Northern Taiwan. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To analyze the landslide hazard area using GIS application. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Image and data collection The basic data utilized included a 5m x 5m grid DEM, SPOT5 images, 1/500 photo-based contour maps, 1/50000 geologic maps and hourly rainfall data. Establish of event-based landslide inventory To develop susceptibility model, only considered new landslides triggered by typhoons. Landslides triggered by Typhoon Aere were interpreted and delineated by comparing SPOT5 images taken before and after thetyphoon. Determination of causative factors and triggering factors These factors are then statistically tested and y effective factors selected for susceptibility analysis. 10 factors are selected: Lithology, slope gradient, NDVI, slope roughness, profile curvature, total slope height, relative slope height, topographic wetness index, distance to a fault, maximum rainfall intensity. Analysis Construction of model via logistic regression. Logistic regression to determine a linear function of factors for interpreting the landslide distribution from a set of training data. The linear function is used to calculate the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) for each cell. The LSI used to establish a probability of failure to LSI curve and determine the spatial probability of landslide occurrence at each cell. Landslide susceptibility mapping The landslide hazard area could be for the prediction of future landslides providing a scenario rainfall distribution is given. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Successfully predict landslide location, area and volume in a drainage basin or catchment area using GIS.

Just in Time Inventory Management Essay

Just In Time Inventory Management Definition: Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management is the process of ordering and receiving inventory for production and customer sales only as it is needed and not before. This means that the company does not hold safety stock and operates with low inventory levels. This strategy helps companies lower their inventory carrying costs. Just-in-time inventory management is a cost-cutting inventory management strategy though it can lead to stock-outs. The goal of JIT is to improve return on investment by reducing non-essential costs. http://bizfinance.about.com/od/glossaryj/g/Just-In-Time-Jit-Inventory-Management.htm http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-justintime-inventory-21407.html Advantages & Disadvantages of Just-in-Time Inventory by Neil Kokemuller, Demand Media Companies turnover significant inventory control to suppliers with just-in-time inventory. Related Articles * The Advantages of Just-in-Time Inventory Systems†¨ * Advantages & Disadvantages of Excess Inventory†¨ * Examples of Just-in-Time Inventory * Just in Time Inventory Definition * Advantages & Disadvantages of Matrix Organizational Structures in Business Organizations†¨ * The Disadvantages of Buy-Hold-Sell Inventory Just-in-time (JIT) inventory refers to an inventory management system with objectives of having inventory readily available to meet demand, but not to a point of excess where you must stockpile extra products. Maintaining inventory takes time and has costs, which is what motivates companies to implement JIT programs. Ads by Google Production management Comprehensive SCM, SRM & WMS Suite from Epicor. Learn More.Epicor.com / Distribution Customer Needs Balancing the goals of avoiding stock outs while minimizing inventory costs is at the heart of just-in-time inventory. One of the main benefits of automated and efficient inventory replenishment systems is that you can quickly respond to reduced inventory levels. Companies are now equipped to pull back on stock in a given product category and ramp up inventory in another as customer needs and interests change. Inventory Costs Minimization of inventory management costs is a primary driver and benefit of just-in-time practices. Inventory management has costs, and when you reduce the amount of holding space and staff required with JIT, the company can invest the savings in business growth and other opportunities, points out the Accounting for Management website. You also have less likelihood of throwing out product that gets old or expires, meaning reduced waste. Coordination A disadvantage of managing a just-in-time inventory system is that it requires significant coordination between retailers and suppliers in the distribution channel. Retailers often put major trust in suppliers by syncing their computer systems with suppliers so they can more directly monitor inventory levels at stores or in distribution centers to initiate rapid response to low stock levels. This usually means build up of technology infrastructure, which is costly. This coordinated effort is more involving on the whole than less time intensive inventory management systems. Risks Just-in-time inventory is not without risks. By nature of what it is, companies using JIT intend to walk a fine line between having too much and too little inventory. If company buyers fail to adjust quickly to increased demand or if suppliers have distribution problems, the business risks  upsetting customers with stock outs. If buyers over compensate and buy extra inventory to avoid stock outs, the company could experience higher inventory costs and the potential for waste. Sponsored Links MYOB Accounting Software Simple, Reliable & Secure Solutions Call Now for a Free Demonstration! www.globalbiz.com.sg Web Database App Software Deploy data-driven web applications straight from your database! Try it www.ironspeed.com Primavera P6 PPM Software Software | Consultation | Implementation | Support | www.crownsys.com.sg / Primavera IT Help Desk Software Web-based IT Help Desk with Asset Mgmt. Free version too. Try Now! www.ManageEngine.com / Help_Desk References (2) About the Author Neil Kokemuller has been an active writer and content media website developer since 2007. He wrote regular feature articles for LiveCharts for three years and has been a college marketing professor since 2004. He has four years of additional professional experience in marketing, retail and small business, and he holds a Master of Business Administration from Iowa State University. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-inflating-inventory-38062.html The Disadvantages of Inflating Inventory by Cynthia Myers, Demand Media Carrying a large inventory incurs certain costs. Related Articles * Disadvantages of Buying Inventory in December * Advantages & Disadvantages to a Manual Inventory Control System†¨ * The Disadvantages of Buy-Hold-Sell Inventory * Disadvantages of High Inventory Levels * Advantages & Disadvantages of Excess Inventory†¨ * The Disadvantages of the Continuous Inventory System Increasing inventory in times of rising costs allows you to take advantage of lower prices now, which can result in increased profits as you sell off the inventory. But inflating inventory also carries significant disadvantages. The right inventory strategy for you depends on the business you’re in, your profits and losses and your ability to comfortably carry an inflated inventory. Analyzing your individual situation will tell you if the disadvantages of inflated inventory apply to you. Ads by Google Excel Spreadsheet Templates Fill-in the blanks & easily create any business document! Download NowBiztree.com Increased Costs The costs of inventory go beyond the purchase price of the goods or materials in your inventory. You must pay for space in which to store your inventory. If the inventory is perishable, you’ll rack up utility bills to heat and cool the space. You may need additional personnel to handle the inventory. If you buy materials or goods at a steep enough discount, your savings may be enough to offset these additional costs, but in many cases the cost of adding to your inventory cancel out your savings. Increased Taxes The Internal Revenue Service considers your inventory to be an asset, and you’re required to pay taxes on the inventory in stock at the end of the year. This is the reason you see many businesses hold Inventory Reduction Sales at year’s end. These businesses are looking to reduce their tax burden by selling off excess inventory. If, instead of selling off inventory, you’re focused on accumulating it, you could find yourself with a bigger tax bill. Before you build up your inventory, you should consider the possible tax implications of doing so. Spoilage Losses Most goods have a shelf life — a period after which they begin to deteriorate and spoil. For perishables such as food this can be a relatively short period. Durable goods have a longer shelf life, but even these can lose value over time. Fashions or household goods go out of style, fabrics fade  or are susceptible to damage from dust, insects or fire. If you build up too much inventory, you could be left with a quantity of useless goods on hand, resulting in a loss. Other Considerations When you increase your inventory because you come across a good deal on goods or materials, or because you think the prices will increase in the future, you’re gambling that your predictions about the future will come true. If, for example, the price of the goods and materials falls, you’re left holding an inventory of items for which you paid more than the current market rate. If you decide to inflate your inventory, double and triple check the information that led you to believe doing so was a good idea, and consider all the implications to your bottom line. What Is the Purpose of Just-in-Time Inventory Systems? by Luanne Kelchner, Demand Media Just in Time reduces stored inventory. Related Articles * Inventory & Work Order Systems * An Introduction to Inventory Management Systems * The Advantages of Just-in-Time Inventory Systems†¨ * Examples of Just-in-Time Inventory * Just in Time Inventory Definition * Advantages & Disadvantages of Just-in-Time Inventory Companies use a Just-in-Time manufacturing and inventory management system to improve the efficiency of the company and reduce costs. The system requires manufacturers to purchase only when customer orders create a demand. Companies must develop a relationship with vendors to ensure parts reach the facility in time to manufacture products for the customer request. Businesses only produce inventory when there is a customer order in place. The system does not allow the business to produce or store excess inventory. Just-in-Time systems work in large and small organizations and those that produce products or services. With adjustments, the principles of Just-in-Time inventory management and manufacturing can work in any business. Ads by Google Systems engineering Production & Process Manager Jobs Submit Resume to Apply Now!Monster.com.sg / Systems+engineering Reduce Inventory Costs Using a Just-in-Time inventory system reduces the amount of material on hand in the production facility. Companies can reduce the cost to store and maintain excess inventory and eliminate the risk of materials becoming obsolete while in storage. High inventory quantities tie up company funds, which could otherwise benefit other areas of the business such as the research and development of new products. With the reduction in inventory costs, companies can expand and grow their businesses. Lead Time Reduction Just-in-Time manufacturing also uses a pull system to move materials through the production cycle. For example, in a manufacturing business, materials do not move to the next step on an assembly line until that step or station is ready. This reduces the stockpiling of unfinished product at any stage in the production process. When the company eliminates bottlenecks, production speed or lead-time is faster. Process engineers must determine the maximum quantity any station in the production process can have waiting. While workers may sit idle waiting to move production to the next step, the process is more efficient. Efficient Manufacturing Layout Companies must create a layout on the production floor to move materials through the process efficiently. Some companies must move workstations closer together to eliminate steps in the work process. This leads to a more efficient manufacturing layout that can significantly reduce lead tIme. Building products efficiently is a primary focus for a company implementing a lean manufacturing system. Improve Customer Satisfaction Companies implement a Just-in-Time system or lean manufacturing to satisfy the demands of customers. The voice of the customer is always present in a Just-in-Time manufacturing environment. Reductions in lead time and costs can help a company deliver a product to the customer faster and for a lower price.

The Pitfall of Term Papers Format

The Pitfall of Term Papers Format When you're not able to shorten your title, make sure that the entire text is double spaced. The structure needs to be organized and well-researched. There are lots of students who think that a title page is totally essential for any sort of academic writing. There are lots of paper templates to pick from, but a lot of the time your instructor will require a particular format for the entire class to follow. What Does Term Papers Format Mean? One of the fantastic values of pdf formats is that they're open standards used widely through the world. Customized content usually means the paper is written depending on your requirements and standards. Subdivide all the appropriate material into groups and after that name each group. Stop by our homepage to learn more about our academic writing services. You may also check on the standard of the greatest topic for term paper to get to understand the sort of professional services that we're speakin g about. From a good example term paper, it is possible for you to learn many essential things. The response is going to be received once possible as we understand that each minute might be of high importance for you. Step papers are usually taken post interview as a portion of a conditional offer of an undergraduate spot. Term Papers Format Students, but do not find the hidden risks. They have a great temptation to find shortcuts in their studies. They often give in to the temptation of using technical words to look smart. There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the authentic collection of the very best. Make certain your introduction has a crystal clear thesis statement close to the end. Whenever you have researched on a particular topic, you're expected to use a particular citation style. The subject of your paper and the selected literature ought to be adjacent. Since MLA and APA are the two most typical formatting styles that are employed in academic writing today, it's essential to be alert to the salient points involved. It's quite hard to effectively organize an essay without a fantastic outline. The thesis ought to be clear and easy. Thus, don't hesitate to purchase essays online here. The Hidden Truth About Term Papers Format Coming up with a great term paper is one of the essential battles students face towards the conclusion of the semesters. In addition, there are cases when a student can't even produce a topic because of his term paper. Furthermore our compound understanding of term paper formats lets us deliver nothing less then the ideal term papers. You're able to receive all types of college term papers for money. Understanding Term Papers Format If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. Should you need exper t writing help, don't hesitate to visit EssayPro.com. Term papers from the ideal custom writing company in regards to term papers writing, our company is a real leader in this region. Term Papers Format Can Be Fun for Everyone Term Paper format is vital to follow because the format of the expression paper defines and directs the stream of the paper and the way it ought to be written. No matter the character of your research if you're writing a paper an outline can help you to not just organize your thoughts but in addition function as the template for your whole paper. After you are through with your MLA term paper remember that you always have the option to get in contact with us to spruce up the paper and guarantee that it is grade-worthy. A term paper formatted in the APA style attempts to demonstrate something which has been shown to be true and it must be cited previously or present perfect tense. Nevertheless, there's no peer review of the internet. Produce an excellent abstract since it is the very first section that most journal readers read to decide whether they ought to read the whole paper. If you order from us, you can find a draft of your paper to ensure your writer is heading in the correct direction.

Personal Statement Of Teaching Philosophy - 1254 Words

Statement of Teaching Philosophy Stephanie Speicher, M.Ed. â€Å"I regard it as the foremost task of education to insure the survival of these qualities: an enterprising spirit, tenacity in pursuit, readiness for sensible self-denial, and above all compassion† Hahn, K. (1957, p.10). Outward bound. New York City: World Books. Foundation – The Sunrise I stood watching the sunrise on the final day of a weeklong backpack/rock climbing training with my college orientation program. The tears streamed down my face, without my knowledge, as I processed all that I had experienced that week. I spent much time immersed learning HOW to teach in an outdoor environment. My tears came from knowing I was heading into student teaching, my final college†¦show more content†¦The environment the teacher creates is instrumental to encouraging or inhibiting learning. It is my job to create a dynamic, exciting, and interconnected environment that encourages students to be part of thought-provoking conversation and potential learning opportunities. Specifically, when teaching social studies, it is crucial I treat subject matter as interconnected, emphasizing that everything students are learning fits together into a complete understanding of the world, from which they develop their personal global perspective. Finally, I believe the concept of respect must be present and felt by my students and colleagues. Not only to respect and be open to the content presented in class, but also to motivate them to respect themselves, each other and members of our global community. Experience is the Key I consider three overarching goals to each teaching â€Å"moment† I am presented with, each of them embedded in my conception of teaching as a temptation to Experience. First, I ask students to experience the specific course content. As a teacher of social studies, I see my task as creating spaces for students to encounter and discuss—at both a personal and professional level—fundamental questions of power, justice, identity, equity, and freedom. Asking my students to experience the course content also means encouraging active and participatory learning. Second, I ask students to experience â€Å"moments† with me and with each other. I model and clearly lay out