Nash Equilibrium Theory

Introduction Nash equilibrium is a challenge that has acquired many increasing applications in both the internet and economics. It is evident from the internet that it is hard to count all the Nash equilibrium of a two player game. This is so even if the entry of the matrix is 0 or even 1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nash Equilibrium Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the complexity which is involved in finding the Nash equilibrium is open and has been actually opposed as one of the most significant wide open problems in the complexity theory today. There is a new polynomial reduction given in finding the Nash equilibrium in the general bi-matrix games in finding Nash equilibrium in the games where all the playoffs are either 1 or 0 (Kim, 2004). Once a given problem is shown intractable in the in complexity theory, the research for the same shifts towards the directions of polynomial algori thms for approximation or modest goals and the exponential bounds which are lower for the restricted algorithm classes. We however conclude that Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally (Kim, 2000). Algorithm for the Nash equilibrium In calculating the Algorithm for Nash equilibrium, we give out a common algorithm for calculating the Nash equilibrium of the bi-matrix game within an exponential time. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated. In the question, we will calculate the Nash equilibrium as follows: Let S i1 be the ith row of S1, and Sj2 be the jth column of S2Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We then solve the linear program based on the 2n + 3 variables: The variables: a, b ≠¥ 0, U, V, á µÅ¸ The solution is then shown to the given conditions in a Nash equilibrium having the supports (S1, S2). The set of the constraints demands that the probabilities ai be non-negative and add up to one. They should also be 0 outside the required support with at least á µÅ¸ within the desired support (Freund, 2006). The following charts show the Nash Equilibrium tables. The steps I used in calculating the Nash equilibrium.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nash Equilibrium Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I examined the payoff matrix and determine what payoffs belong to whom I determined each player’s b est response in all other actions of the other players, this process is done to all other players The Nash equilibrium hence exists where each player’s best response is similar to the other player’s best response For instance Step one Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) 2000(A) 101(B) 60(A) Step two Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) (2000) 101(B) (60) Step three Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) 2000(A) (101) 60(A) Proof of equilibrium The algorithm is simple and enumerates all the pairs (S1, S2) where by S1 is the sub set of the pure strategies of the row player while S2 is the pure strategies for the column player. For every pair, the equilibrium is used to find the Nash equilibrium in case one exists with the specified supports. In case no Nash equilibrium exists with the supports, th e algorithm terminates within the polynomial time and either asserts that there is no solution existing or for one with a á µÅ¸ = 0. In the case latter case described, the solution to the problem will be a valid Nash equilibrium therefore the algorithm will find necessarily Nash equilibrium whenever it uses the initial algorithm on the support of the described Nash equilibrium. Hence, there exist at most the following in the solution: The 2m Ãâ€" 2n kind of pairs of the sets, therefore we get a total of (n + m) 0(1) 2(m + n) total time (Kim, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proof of negotiation algorithm The original proof of the existence of the Nash equilibrium is the Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. The proof is as follows: we can have the best of all correspondence for all other players with the relation from the set of the probability distributions over the profile of the opponent players to the set strategies as given in the supports, the profile of the mixed strategy of all the players except for player Si1. Analysis of negotiation algorithm Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by an assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally (Freund, 2006). Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium fo r the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally. In calculating the Algorithm for Nash equilibrium, we give out a common algorithm for calculating the Nash equilibrium of the bi-matrix game within an exponential time. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated. Autoregressive models The basic structure of an autoregressive model of the order p is indicated by the notation AR (p). It is defined as When the formulae are broken down into different sections that are used to determine the natural phenomena, its sub sections are as follows: are the parameters of the model in use C is the constant Is used to define the white noise (Friedman, 2001). For the prediction of natural phenomenon to occur using this for mula, the model has to incorporate the whole autoregressive moving average model (Kim, 2000). Autoregressive moving average model To describe a standard ARMA equation we will use the example below which further breaks down the equations used in the autoregressive models. This model refers to a model with p autoregressive terms involved in an equation and q moving average terms in the same instance. Its combines the AR (p) and MA (q) of which the moving average model in the above equation is explained below MA (q) This model refers to moving average of the standard model of order q This is broken down into the following sectors of the equation to determine the outcome of moving averages in the combined model. ÃŽ ¸1,†¦, ÃŽ ¸q are the limits ÃŽ ¼ is the expectation of the time series model ÃŽ µt,ÃŽ µt-1 is the white noise error terms. Example equation The path-order AR (AR(p)) Random Process is given by x(n) = −a(1)x(n − 1) − a(2)x(n − 2) − ãÆ' » ãÆ' » ãÆ' » − a(p)x(n − p) + w(n) (1) where by; w(n) is white noise having variance ÏÆ'w2 (k), k = 1,†¦ , p are the AR parameters. We assume that x(n) is real. The autocorrelation function of the AR process, rx(k), also satisfies the autoregressive property, this leads to the well-known Yule-Walker equations for the AR parameters rx(k)=- (k-i), k- 1 Suppose the measurements used to estimate the AR parameters can be modeled as ËÅ"x(n) = x(n) + v(n) where v(n) is white noise having variance  ¾2v, then the parameter estimates derived from the Yule-Walker equations will be biased since, rËÅ"x(k) = rx(k) +  ±(k) ¾2v where  ±(k) is the Dirac delta function. It has been shown that the biased AR parameters produce a â€Å"flatter† AR spectrum since the estimated poles of the AR process are biased toward the center of the unit circle [1]. A number of methods have been described for estimating the AR parameters using noisy measurements, some of these m ethods are surveyed in [1, 5] (Freund, 2006). The Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations are defined as (RËÅ"x −  ¸B) u = 0p+q (3), Where the dimensions of RËÅ"x,B, and u are (p + q) Ãâ€" (p + 1) , (p + q) Ãâ€" (p + 1), and (p + 1) Ãâ€" 1, respectively. The unknowns in (3) are u and  ¸, so clearly, equality holds when  ¸ =  ¾2v and u =  · 1 a(1) a(2)†¦ a(p)  ¸T. We observe that the first p equations are nonlinear in the AR parameters, u, and the measurement noise variance, The next q equations however are linear in u. In general there exist p distinct ( ¸, u) solving (3), the solution is taken to be that which corresponds to the minimum real value of  ¸ solving (3). A number of authors have observed that solving the p nonlinear equations, in addition to the q linear equations can improve the parameter estimates [2, 3, 4]. In [5], a matrix pencil method based on the Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations was presented which was found to out-perform several other methods for AR-in noise parameter estimation. None of these papers have established the minimum number of linear equations that are required for the solution of the NCYW equations to be the unique, correct solution. It is clear that q ≠¥ p linear equations are sufficient to insure that the solution is unique, in this case, all other ( ¸, u) solving (3) are complex. However, the minimum value of q needed to insure a unique solution has not been established. This is an important consideration because using a large value of q, which would guarantee a unique solution, also implies computing more high-order autocorrelation lag estimates which can reduce the solution accuracy since these tend to have a larger estimation variance. Hence one would like to choose the smallest value of q that still guarantees a unique solution (Friedman, 2001). One might expect that since there are a total of p + q equations in p + 1 unknowns, fewer then q = p linear equation s are needed. In other words, if only one linear equation were used, q = 1, this would still give p + 1equations in p + 1 unknowns, hence a unique solution could still exist. In this correspondence, we show that this is not the case and q ≠¥ p is also a necessary condition for there to exist a unique solution (Friedman, 2001). Conclusion The coalition proof of the Nash equilibrium concept applies to specify non cooperative surroundings where by players can freely share and discuss their game strategies but cannot make any changes or even binding commitments. The concept emphasizes the self enforcing immunization to deviations. The best response in the game in Nash equilibrium is therefore necessary for self-enforceability. This is not sufficient generally when players can deviate jointly in a way that is beneficial mutually. The proof Nash equilibrium refines the concept via a stronger conception of the self-enforceability that gives room for the multilateral deviations (Freund , 2006). Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally. To describe a standard ARMA equation we will use the example below which further breaks down the equations used in the autoregressive models. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated (Freund, 2006). A number of authors have observed that solving the p nonlinear equations, in addition to the q linear equations can improve the parameter estimates [2, 3, 4]. In [5], a matrix pencil method based on the Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations was presented whic h was found to out-perform several other methods for AR-in noise parameter estimation. None of these papers have established the minimum number of linear equations that are required for the solution of the NCYW equations to be the unique, correct solution. It is clear that q ≠¥ p linear equations are sufficient to insure that the solution is unique, in this case, all other ( ¸, u) solving (3) are complex. In summary, Nash equilibrium is challenge that has acquired many increasing applications in both the internet and economics. It is evident from the internet that is hard to count all the Nash equilibrium of a two player game. This is so even if the entry of the matrix is 0 or even 1. Nevertheless, the complexity involved in finding the Nash equilibrium is open and has been actually opposed as one of the most significant wide open problems in the complexity theory today. There is a new polynomial reduction given in finding the Nash equilibrium in the general bi-matrix games i n finding Nash equilibrium in the games where all the playoffs are either 1 or 0. In complexity theory, once a given problem is shown intractable, the research for the same shifts towards the directions of polynomial algorithms for approximation or modest goals, exponential bounds which are lower for the restricted algorithm classes (Friedman, 2001). References Freund, S. (2006). Adaptive game playing using multiplicative weights. New York: Prentice Hall. Friedman, S.(2001). Learning and implementation on the Internet. London: Springer. Kim, C. (2000). Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game  Theory. London: Cambridge University Press. Kim, C. (2004). Infinite Dimensional Analysis: London, Springer This essay on Nash Equilibrium Theory was written and submitted by user Ayanna Parker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Say Happy New Year in Japanese

How to Say Happy New Year in Japanese In Japan,  greeting  people with appropriate Japanese words is very important. The  New Year, in particular, is the most important time of the year in Japan, equal to the Christmas or the yuletide season in the West. So, knowing how to say Happy New Year in Japanese is probably the most important phrase you can learn if you plan to visit this country, which is steeped in social custom and norms. Japanese New Year Background Before learning the myriad of ways to say Happy New Year in Japanese, its important to understand the significance the new year has in this Asian country. The Japanese new year is celebrated for the first three days- or up to the first two weeks- of  ichi-gatsu  (January). During this time, businesses and schools close, and people to return to their families. The Japanese decorate their houses, just after they do a complete house cleaning. Saying Happy New Year in Japanese can involve giving good wishes on Dec. 31  or Jan. 1, but they can also cover greetings for the coming year that you might express until mid-January, and they can even include phrases you would use when reconnecting with family or acquaintances after long absences. How to Say Happy New Year in Japanese Use the following phrases for saying Happy New Year on Jan. 1 through Jan. 3, and even up to the middle of January. The transliteration for the following phrases, which mean Happy New Year, is listed on the left, followed by an indication as to whether the greeting is formal or informal, followed by the greeting written in  Kanji, the most important Japanese alphabet. Click on the transliteration links to hear how to correctly pronounce the phrases. Akemashite  omedetou  gozaimasu.  (formal): 㠁‚㠁‘㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šAkemashite  omedetou.  (casual): 㠁‚㠁‘㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š New Years Celebration At the end of the year, on Dec. 31 or even up to a few days before, use the following phrases to wish someone a Happy New Year in Japanese. The phrases literally translate as,  I wish you will have a good new year. Yoi otoshi o omukae kudasai. (formal):よ㠁„㠁Šå ¹ ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ Å Ã¨ ¿Å½Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šYoi otoshi o! (casual): よ㠁„㠁Šå ¹ ´Ã£â€šâ€™ Seeing Someone After a Long Absence As noted, the new year is a time when family and friends reunite, sometimes even after years or decades of separation. If you are seeing someone after a long period of separation, you should use a different Japanese New Years greeting when you see your friend, acquaintance, or family member. The first phrase literally all translates as, I havent seen you in a long time. Gobusata shite imasu. (very formal): 㠁”ç„ ¡Ã¦ ²â„¢Ã¦ ± °Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š The following phrases, even in formal usage, translate as, Long time, no see. Ohisashiburi desu. (formal): 㠁Šä ¹â€¦Ã£ â€"㠁 ¶Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šHisashiburi! (casual): ä ¹â€¦Ã£ â€"㠁 ¶Ã£â€šÅ  To reply to Gobusata shite imasu  use the phrase  kochira koso (㠁“㠁 ¡Ã£â€šâ€° 㠁“㠁 ), which means same here. In casual conversations- such as if a friend is telling you Hisashiburi!- simply repeat Hisashiburi!  or Hisashiburi ne. The word  ne  (㠁 ­)  is a  particle, which translates roughly into  English as right? or dont you agree?

Top 5 Lucrative Tech Careers You Should Consider

Top 5 Lucrative Tech Careers You Should Consider don’t let the prospect of tedious, isolated computer work dissuade you from exploring careers in it- there are more engaging and compelling options to consider! take a look at this list from aftercollege’s joy miller.   big data scientistas the name implies, this is the big-picture approach to data analysis- you’d be responsible for developing programs and systems to house and investigate data. your ingenuity and creativity will help you identify trends and insightful conclusions, solve problems, and propose areas for growth or company innovation.these positions can pay as much as $188,000 annually, so it’s worth the time and labor-intensive demands of the gig.  computer forensic investigatormake the most of your interest in law enforcement and pursue a bachelor’s degree in computer forensics, information security, or cyber security- you can even get a certification from a computer examiner board. with it, you can help law enforcement and invest igative agencies solve crimes and testify at trial. average salaries can run to $91k.  geospatial analysteven bigger than big data is an analyst that works with global geography and modern technology. where are people living and working and moving, what models can help us predict or analyze their behavior, and what technological resources can help accommodate and address their needs?certifications in geospatial intelligence analytics, cartography, or related fields can help you earn as much as $74k.  software engineerif your degree is in software engineering, computer science, or a related field, chances are you already know about the countless opportunities available to people who can design games, create apps, and write code. whether you find an in-office gig or stay flexible as a freelancing contractor, you could potentially stand to earn as much as $93k.  it consultantthe classic it gig involves finding a company where you’d like to work- based on their products, th eir mission statement, or even just the team you’d get to work with, from a start-up to a massive corporation- and getting your foot in the door. whether you take the late shift or the daily grind, you may earn as much as $94k.

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) - Term Paper Example Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is one of such organizations. This paper will discuss PIJ within the context of its organization, origins, ideology, goals, and objectives. In addition, it will discuss its leadership, funding, and capabilities such as physical bases or support/operating location(s), communications methods, training programs, and personnel strengths. The paper will finally provide a description of suspected and known lethal agents/weapons and delivery methods, as well as surveillance methods, propaganda, procedures in prior attacks, and significant dates/events that may be used in planning attacks. The PIJ was founded in the late 1970s by three radical Palestinian students, Bashir Moussa, Fathi Shikaki, and Abdul Aziz Odeh, who were studying in Egypt (Alexander 2002). This group was an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist and Sunni religious movement which origin lies in Egypt. It aims at seeking broad moral, political, and social reforms based upon the Islamic principles (Hatina 2001). The founders of this group believed that the Muslim Brotherhood had abandoned the Palestinian cause and that they had become very moderate. The formation of PIJ was inspired by the Shi’a Islamic revolution that had taken place in Iran. He PIJ blended Sunni Islamic fundamentalism, Shi’a revolutionary thought, and Palestinian nationalism into its ideological agenda. The United States has designated this group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (Rashid 2003). This group believed that the liberation of Palestinians and annihilation of Israel are prerequisites for the creation of a pan-Islamic empire. The group further stressed that the conflict between Israel and Arabs is over a fundamentally religious conflict and not so much over territory (Cook 2009). It is against this background that the group rejected any diplomatic activity or political arrangements aimed

An arguement for the use of Natural Gas as a replacement for Fossil Essay

An arguement for the use of Natural Gas as a replacement for Fossil Fuels - Essay Example One of the reasons why natural gas should replace fossil fuels is that the former is relatively cheaper. In fact, according to a report by OilPrice.com, the cost of oil today is over $14 to get a million BTU [or British Thermal Unit]†¦but only $2.30 if you were willing to use natural gas as an alternative† (Hamilton, 2012). That means savings of $11.70 per million BTU, which translates to an astronomical value in reality. Although petroleum once had the same cost as crude oil, from 1997 to 2007, the trend has now changed in favor of the former (Hamilton, 2012). The cheap cost of natural gas is attributed to the fact that America produces â€Å"three billion more cubic feet [or 85M cubic meters] of natural gas a day out of the ground than it can consume† (â€Å"Natural Gas Difference Engine,† 2012). Moreover, when compared to coal, it would cost 12 cents or more per kilowatt-hour to produce electricity from dirty coal compared to 6 cents only from clean natura l gas (â€Å"Natural Gas Difference Engine,† 2012). ... Without responsible stewardship, one would not seek ways to use the most efficient means of producing electricity and just be content with what is expensive. Another reason why natural gas should replace fossil fuels is that the former is cleaner compared to the latter. According to a report in the New York Times concerning energy sources, natural gas has become more popular as a major international commodity because â€Å"it burns cleaner than oil and coal and produces less greenhouse gases† (Krauss, 2012). These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Moreover, natural gas does not leave any carbon deposits in the engine, thus reducing the natural wear of the engine and so there are fewer oil changes (â€Å"Natural Gas Difference Engine,† 2012). Natural gas is actually only methane, or CH4, which is merely a one-carbon compound with four hydrocarbons, thus it is relatively less harmful than chemicals with long carbon chains. Besides, the use of natural gas would hypothetically reduce â€Å"sulfur dioxide emissions by 55% and mercury emissions by 30% and greenhouse gas emissions by 15%† because natural gas emits virtually no sulfur dioxide and mercury, and only 22% less greenhouse gases compared to diesel (â€Å"Environmental Benefits,† 2012). In fact, natural gas is 28% cleaner than petroleum and 40%-100% cleaner than coal (Stevens, 2012). Another reason for the proposal that the United States should replace fossil fuels with natural gas is the added benefit of boosting the country’s economy especially if the United States sells natural gas to other countries. Several energy companies in the country announced the

Blogging Digital Media And Society Series Essay Example for Free

Blogging Digital Media And Society Series Essay Jill Walker Rettberg new edition â€Å"Blogging: digital media and society series† can be described as a key book in an emerging field. Blogging has come to be associated as a landmark in the current social cyber studies and even more. Blogging is all about the way today’s popular culture has become an important element in large magnitude changes in how culture is produced. With her book, Jill digs into the deep and broad of blogging to give the reader the real meaning of what is involved in blogging as the evidence and driver of a shift in epochal culture (Rettberg, 2014). Jill’s capability in ensuring that she reaches out to the right audience and puts the points on blogging across is enhanced by experience. Being a prolific blogger herself, Jill uses her experience as a blogger in pointing out the various issues to her audience. Jill also utilizes examination which is enhanced by use of an expert’s eye of a communications researcher with experience to reveal the historical, psychological, social and political meaning of the blogging initiative. Borrowing from various disciplines, it is evident of her good understanding on the blogging issue and its impact. The other strong point in her writing is the fact that she brings and uses various disciplines such as media studies, marketing, ethnology, literary studies, sociology and journalism into an excellent exploratory framework (Rettberg, 2014). Jill’s book expands blogging into a wider context of the decline in print culture to the emerging trends. The updated and revised edition provides a good study of the now each and every day phenomenon placing it in a theoretical, contemporary and historical context. The use of the most recent of the researches and developments in the blogging world is taken care of with an analysis of the new tools for visual blogging and micro blogging (Rettberg, 2014). In the book, Jill discusses the changing trends where in the current times blogs are being integrated into the mainstream social media ecology. This helps to show the reader the direction the blogging element is taking in the formation and continuation of popular culture. Jill notes that the comments and the links from social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook have become more important than networks between blogs which was important five years ago. Jill also questions the new trend where there is a shift towards increased corporate control and commercialization of blogs (Rettberg, 2014). The cultural shift has also seen its share of influence from blogging as Jill illustrates using examples. Jill delves into the analysis of how the current smart phones equipped with cameras together with the social media has led to the shift towards more emphasis on the visual aspects in the blogs with the use of graphics and photographs being in the foreground. Jill puts in a convincing analysis of how blogging together with related genres have come to change the world of communication and media (Rettberg, 2014). The design of the book is in such a way that each of the chapters is a self-sufficient review of areas in blogging which makes the structure repetitive across the work. The book is more suitable for beginners or anyone with an interest in blogging as Jill puts the chapters in a loose connection to blogging. Though Jill has borrowed from many disciplines to help the reader in understanding the different aspects of blogging, there is some diversion, however when the discussion shifts from blogging as a phenomenon into the related and convergent forms like the social networking sites. There are lengthy discussions of the various sites such as MySpace and Facebook which though put with the right intention in mind, they do not achieve this as there is no clear elaboration to the reader how this relates to the overall topics (Rettberg, 2014). Walker’s work begins by tackling the question of what a blog is. She starts with an introduction to the history of online text based communication. She then moves on to the development of blogging tools such as Blogger. Walker develops a shred understanding of material aspects in blogging. An interesting section also discusses blogs as genre and medium which is a distinction that is not addressed directly most of the time. In â€Å"From Bards to Blogs†, Walter takes the discussion on the blogging place within media culture and the shift from one-to- many towards many-to- many. Walter positions the internet as a counterpoint to Plato’s complaint of a written text being unresponsive. Walker shares the view that there is potential for interactivity between authors of blog posts, the blog post itself and the reader in blog comments (Rettberg, 2014). Also of particular interest is the chapter â€Å"Citizen Journalist?’ where Walker puts her focus on the three ways in which blogging intersects with traditional journalism. There are bloggers acting as journalists, the bloggers who report on mainstream media and the bloggers giving first-hand reports on ongoing events. Walker goes ahead to discuss bloggers as the chance to witness big historical events. Her example of Kaye D. Trammell account on Hurricane Katrina is meant to show how blogs can be used as sources of information by both the public and mass media however understudied. This is an avenue that can be used for future works in blogging (Rettberg, 2014). Walker also discusses how blogs have expanded to various forms of narratives in â€Å"Blogs as narratives† She gives an account of the three forms of narratives namely the goal-oriented narrative, ongoing narration and fragmented narratives. In the same chapter she evaluates the ways in which blogs can be used as a means of self exploration with one discovering their strengths and what they can do best to contribute to the society (Rettberg, 2014). Walker finishes the book off with a review of the future of blogs and the future of social media. In the chapter, Walker also touches on the use of language, privacy government access and control each of which one gets the feeling that they could be well covered in a different book each on its own. An addition of some scholarly works using quantitative methods would have added some balance to the various discussions such as the one on protypical blog and blogger. Another limitation in Walker’s book is that there is a small number of scholarly works cited on bloggers and blogging (Rettberg, 2014). In general Walker provides a popular view on blogging culture and blogs and steers away from in-depth analysis and critical discussion. The text however is a good introductory resource for both non-academic and academic audiences (Rettberg, 2014). Reference Rettberg, J. W. (2014).  Blogging. Source document

the banshee :: essays research papers fc

Beltane Essay Beltane is the last of the three spring fertility festivals. Beltane is the second principal Celtic festival (the other being Samhain). Celebrated approximately halfway between spring equinox and the midsummer (Summer Solstice). Beltane traditionally marked the arrival if summer in ancient times. At Beltane the Pleiades star cluster rises just before sunrise on the morning horizon. The Pleiades is a cluster of seven closely placed stars, the seven sisters, in the constellation of Taurus, near his shoulder. When looking for the Pleiades with the naked eye, remember it looks like a tiny dipper-shaped pattern of six moderately bright star in the constellation of Taurus. It stands very low in the east-northeast sky for just a few minutes before sunrise. Beltane, and its counterpart Samhain, divide the year into its two primary seasons, winter (Dark Part) and summer (Light Part). As Samhain is about honouring Death, Beltane is about honouring Life. It is the time when the sun is fully released from his bondage of winter and able to rule over summer and life once again. It is a time of "no time" when the veils between the two worlds are at their thinnest. No time is when the two worlds intermingle and unite and the magic abounds! It is the time when the Faeries return from their winter respite, carefree and full of faery mischief and faery delight. On the night before Beltane, in times past, folks would place rowan branches at their windows and doors for protection, many otherworldly occurrences could transpire during this time of "no time". Traditionally on the Isle of Man, the youngest member of the family gathers primroses on the eve before Beltane and throws the flowers at the door of the home for protection. In Ireland it is believed that food left over from May Eve must not be eaten, but rather buried or left as an offering to the faery instead. Much like the tradition of leaving of whatever is not harvested from the fields on Samhain, food on the time of no time is treated with great care. When the veils are so thin it is an extremely magical time, it is said that the Queen of the Faeries rides out on her white horse. Roving about on Beltane eve She will try to entice people away to the Faeryland. Legend has it that if you sit beneath a tree on Beltane night, you may see the Faery Queen or hear the sound of Her horse's bells as She rides through the night.

Reasons for Hitler to become a tyrant

Hitler was the founder of the National Socialist German Workers Party and one of the most Influential voices of his time. He Implemented the Holocaust, the mass execution of the Jews, Gypsies, and people he considered inordinate. Hitler was known for being very cruel to many people and punished those who disobeyed his rule. In November of 1921, he had realized that he had a powerful skill in oratory and could speak like none other. He founded the Nationalistic Socialist German Workers Party and created the swastika.He started to lead Germany in many rebellions against other countries. Hitler was furious with what how the nations of the world mistreated Germany after World War l, and wanted to get revenge. As World War I ended, there were many reparations that were needed to be done. Many countries were In a state of depression and anger was fueled inside all of them, and someone had to pay. The League of Nations Indicted Germany of the crimes that were done, and Germany had to pay th e money for all the nations' compensations. Everybody In Germany, Including Doll Hitler, was enraged by this decision, because they had to pay more taxes.Hitler thought someone needed to stand up for judgment, and with his oratory skills, he tried convincing the people of Germany to rebel against the world. He conducted many speeches all over Germany, and many people agreed with his ideas and with the support that he gathered from his people, he overthrew the nation's government and gathered all the power. When Germany was weakened, considering it had to pay for all the reparations, the government collapsed. In addition to that, most of the German states made their own Constitutions and did not follow the main Constitution.The army of Germany was under General Hans von Sects, and he wanted to destroy the government. The leadership of the previous Kaiser of Germany was not present anymore, and the people did not have anyone to look up to. In fact, most people wanted dictatorship to c ome back, so they could get ruled again. Germany was split up Into small independent states, and Doll Hitler did not like this. He wanted a single, strong, united Germany with a strong government, so they could fight against the Allied states and get their revenge.He immediately started throwing leadership campaigns, ND many people bent to his opinion. A couple years following his campaigns, Hitler became the leader of Germany. Thirdly, he rose to power was because he gained a lot of money. Fresh out of World War l, Hitler didn't have a lot of money and was financially unstable. When Hitler realized that Germany didn't have a strong leadership, he decided to step up to the case. He didn't have the money to set up propaganda or any sort of art to convince them, so he conducted a lot of speeches.By doing so, many rich entrepreneurs In Germany offered Hitler money to restore Germany. With that money, Hitler could create propaganda, so that he could get the people's support. Also, Hitle r could set up many campaigns all over Germany and attracted many that the Jews and other people who he considered â€Å"morally unjust† were to blame, and the Germans showed distrust towards these people. He put Josef Gobbles in charge of the propaganda, because Gobbles was able to appeal to the peoples' feelings instead of arguing against them.Gobbles communicated the views of the Nazi perfectly and a lot of people, especially the youth, started to follow Hitler in his billions. With this type of power, there was no stopping Hitler. At the end of the war, everyone in Germany lost something. Even Hitler lost someone, his mother. Before the war, Germany was a big and threatening country, but in the post war, nobody was scared of it anymore. It was Just some poor third- world country that no one cared about anymore. Hitler was positive that he could get Germany's moral back.In his speeches, he promised that he will bring Germany back up and give everyone something. He basicall y promised the impossible to a nation of people who were in desperate, starving, loss of credibility, and utterly defeated at the mercy of the nations to help rebuild them. The government was doing little to bring Germany back, but the people never listened to them. Hitler appealed to their pride, and they supported him. As Hitler started to create more and more campaigns, he soon started enemies. There were many opposing parties that electioneered against Hitler.Since the German Constitution was not effective, Hitler could do whatever he wanted. His men or the Gestapo Secret Police and the Storekeepers, would often attack his opposition. With more and more parties getting destroyed by Hitter's organization, fear spread throughout the people. He showed the country who he really was and no one, including the government, wanted to mess with him. Along with the many campaigns he held and the fear he created, the people of Germany admired Hitler, because of his body language and his per sonality. He appealed to a people who had been defeated and humiliated.The people wanted a leader who was not afraid of anything and is willing to stand up for his country. His body language as shown well and used as a great way to get across his message. The people of Germany adored how he could organize everything so perfectly and was driven to become the dictator of Germany. A lot of people referred to him as the Messiah of Germany. Disaster struck the United States in 1929, when the Stock Market collapsed. Everyone lost a lot of money, and the United States of America did not have a lot of money. They had to shut down their major imports with other countries, Germany being one of them.Since Germany had to pay for all the war reparations, their sports were a primary source of making money. With the Great Depression, they lost one of their main exports, and Germany started to lose money. Inflation rose greatly in Germany, and money started to lose value. Unemployment shot up drast ically, and people were not making money. The people of Germany wanted someone to blame. Hitler thought that if he can get the people back to work, he can get lot of followers. He started to talk about the Nazi party and why it is beneficial, and more and more people started to Join the Nazi party, because it was their last chance of hope.Since the Nazi party went from 12 people in 1928 to 230 in 1932, Hitler gave people what they wanted. In 1932, the population of the Nazi party started to decline, and the elections about suicide. A man named Paul von Hindering gave him a helping hand and set him up with a friend of his, Chancellor Franz von Pane. Von Pane was having trouble getting people to listen to him and needed someone who he can trust to rule Germany. He gave Hitler a position as vice-chancellor, but Hitler declined, because Hitler thought he was suited for a higher position.Taking a risk Hindering and von Pane gave Hitler the position of Chancellor. They made a very bad mis take, because Hitler used this to have total control of the power in Germany. He finally got what he wanted, and he didn't take power, he was given it. There were many reasons for why Hitler rose to the position where he was, but there are a few that stand out among the others. The biggest reason for why he got so much power was because of the outcome of World War II. Since Germany had to pay for all the reparations, everyone in Germany was mad at the other nations.No one would stand up and rebel against them. Hitler took a stand and wanted to show the other countries that Germany doesn't deserve the treatment. He capitalized on this decision and created the Nazi party that would end the nightmare the Germans were living in. Another reason for why he rose to power was through his speeches and his extravagant character. The government of Germany did not do anything about the ruins and had a hard time getting its people to listen it. The people of Germany wanted someone who was brave, logical, and willing to stand up to his country.Hitler had all those qualities, and he was not afraid to speak. The Germans saw this in him and took the liberty of following in him for his rise to power. A third reason for why he had risen to great power was through his use of propaganda. He thought that he needed to get the people of Germany to believe what was right and wrong. Hitler thought the only way to do this was through the use of propaganda. By using that, he led the people to believe that they need to stand up for what's right. Hitler was and still is, one of the greatest leaders of all time.

Families of the Forest

ANTH 418 Final Paper This paper will be discussing the ethnography by Allen Johnson titled Families of the forest. The ethnography describes the Matsigenka people of Shimaa that live in the Peruvian Amazon. The paper will examine the Matsigenka culture, the needs and resources of the culture, and proposed projects to meet the needs of the culture. The Matsigenka of Shimaa live in isolation along river valleys and forested mountains in the Peruvian Amazon (Johnson,1999, p. 24). They live in small villages of about 7 to 25 people, that make up three to five nuclear family households (Johnson, 1999, p 3).The Matsigenka prefer to live in these hamlets and avoid interacting with people outside of their immediate family. The Matsigenka live a family level society and this helps them to avoid being exploited or to encounter enemies (Johnson, 1999, p. 6). Their isolated hamlets are very self-sufficient; â€Å"good land for horticulture is ample, however, and the low population density and w idely scattered small settlements has meant only minimal competition between family groups for what wild foods do exist† (Johnson, 1999, p. 21). They live off of fishing, foraging and horticulture and the most important food to the Matsigenka is insect larvae.This provides them with protein and dietary fats, which they can get year round from moths, butterflies, beetles, bees and wasps (Johnson, 1999, p. 36). The cultural values of the Matsigenka are not to far from that of Western culture. Much of their religious beliefs are stemmed from folklore and spirits which promote proper behaviors within the group. They can be calm, quiet, gentle, but also mean, aggressive, and violent. They might be less sociable in large groups, but â€Å"they are more courteous and thoughtful in individual interactions. They are less attracted to the lure of commerce and new value systems.Their commitment to freedom of the family unit is truly remarkable† (Johnson, 1999, p. 50). The Matsigen ka are a people that are at their happiest when left alone from outsiders and in their isolation. Much of their happiest in isolation stems from the fear of outsiders bringing in infectious diseases, which happened in the 1950s and 1960s when they first encountered Peruvians and Euro-Americans (Johnson, 1999, p. 75). They maintain societal standards for their hamlets that require independence and being able to live peacefully within a group.They do not have or give proper names to one another and when they do name a person it is usually referring to a deformity or amusing incident (Johnson, 1999, p. 20). â€Å"Somehow individual men and women must be highly self-reliant, motivated to do the necessary thing according to their own judgment with little encouragement (or interference) from others, and yet at the same time be generous in the family and avoid the impulsive expressions– especially of sex, aggression and greed– that can shatter even the strongest interpersona l bonds in closely-cooperating family groups† (Johnson, 1999, p. 10). â€Å"Courtship is generally open and a topic of delighted conversation at large. For many couples, courtship is a more or less public expression of mutual interest as they test the possibility of marriage† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). A married couple within the Matsigenka culture have established roles, they are partners with skills in separate areas of surviving. They seek to marry well and make sure to not marry a lazy person. They think that this will lead to an unequal marriage and the lazy person will always be dissatisfied (Johnson, 1999, p. 121). Matsigenka husbands and wives spend much time together in evident harmony and enjoyment of each other’s company. We frequently find them sitting side by side at home, working quietly at some task, talking and laughing together. At times they become playful and giggle or wrestle erotically† (Johnson, 1999, p. 120). Anger does not play a large role in their marriages, but it does happen occasionally when there are beer feasts and the men become drunk. The men may even beat their wives who in return will runaway to the home of their brother or father.The Matsigenka understand that intercourse between a man and woman is what leads to pregnancy and that the woman always knows who the father of that infant is (Johnson, 1999, p. 78). They do practice abortions and infanticide if the child is not wanted or is believed to not be the husband’s baby. Abortions are used if the mother is a widow or already has enough young children, and it is considered the mother’s choice (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). In early childhood, â€Å"the matsigenka overtly do little to hasten a child’s development. Their style is best described as a gradual raising of expectations.They do not cajole a child to rise up and toddle toward them, but they welcome her when she does† (Johnson, 1999, p. 85). The child learns responsibility from interacting with the mother. The families feel they need to tame the willful child, so that the family can survive and multiply (Johnson, 199, p. 78). â€Å"Matsigenka siblings are close and affectionate. They spend most of their childhood in each other’s company, and interact seldom with other children. This is partly because there may be few other children around, but it is also a reflection of the nuclear-family centeredness of Matsigenka behavior† (Johnson, 1999, p. 14). Some hamlets send their children to school. The school is about an hour walk each way for most children. â€Å"The school acts as both a magnet and a repellent for Matsigenka households. Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences about where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 19 7).When reading the ethnography by Allen Johnson there are a few specific needs that would benefit the Matsigenka people of Shimaa. When assessing the needs of the Matsigenka community it begins with gathering the information from the ethnography and then applying it to the community problems. The first need involves their drinking water and the access to it. The Matsigenka get their water from the river closest to their hamlets but because of their desire for isolation and the danger, they do not live close to the river banks.When they are in a the season of high water or Kimoariniku the trails become become muddy and make it hard to travel. During low season the â€Å"little streams that supply household needs during dry high water dry up, forcing people to lug river water in heavy, sloshing gourds up steep trails to their houses. And dry spells occur of long enough duration that crops in well-drained fields begin to wilt under the intense sun and Matsigenkas anxiously watch the skies for welcome signs of rain† (Johnson, 1999, p. 34). The second need of the Matsigenka people is a latrine.Johnson mentions in his book that a house did have a latrine but most of the people would use strips of land where brush or cane grow to defecate (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). â€Å"These are preferred areas for urination and children’s defecation. Adults are fastidious about defecation, however, and prefer whenever possible to refrain until they are at the edge of an old garden or out foraging in the forest† (Johnson, 1999, p. 207). By having effective latrines they can ensure proper sanitation, the prevention of infectious diseases, and help keep their drinking water safe and clean. The Matsigenka are disgusted by feces (itiga), not only of other people but of any animal. The feces of toddlers, not yet toilet trained, are quickly collected into a leaf and disposed of† (Johnson, 1999, p. 208). The Matsigenka do try to maintain good health but they do n ot have the proper tools and means to make sure they do not develop any infectious diseases. They try to locate their homes in areas where a family is not living upstream from their location, this ensures that the water will not be contaminated by urination or feces. They have standards of cleanliness to which they adhere, and they respond to injury and illness with all the tools at their command. But their technology for dealing with health threats, and particularly with infectious diseases, is of limited effectiveness† (Johnson, 1999, p. 431). Johnson notes that they do not go around with dirt all over them and smelling bad. They usually sit on the dirt floor with a mat, wash themselves daily, wash their garments daily, and wash their hands before preparing food (Johnson, 1999, p. 431).They also make sure that any waste or garbage is thrown away from their homes and in a designated area. â€Å"But efforts at hygiene are in a sense a losing battle in Shimaa. In addition to p arasites, infections pass freely between members of a household or hamlet because of the continual affectionate touching and sharing between them† (Johnson, 1999, p. 434). The third need for the Matsigenka is the prevention of infanticide. â€Å"A small but significant proportion of women, again perhaps one in ten, contemplate killing their infants rather than raise them.Men may have attitudes in the matter, and may promote infanticide if they believe another man is the father, but it is primarily the woman’s decision and her action† (Johnson, 1999, p. 81). Johnson discusses that some women feel the need to kill their infant because they have been unable to stop it from crying after a few days. Not everyone in the hamlet feels that infanticide is right but most do feel that it is the mother’s choice. â€Å"The general belief is that troublesome children should be bathed in hot water, not given up on† (Johnson, 1999, p. 82).There is a need of prevent ion not only with the mother but also with those closest to the mother. Some of the mothers were told by others to kill their babies, either because they needed them to continue working or because a co-wife told them they cannot raise children (Johnson, 1999, p. 82). â€Å"In the difficult choices of abortion and infanticide, the mother has the ultimate say and performs the act, even when her husband or parent tries to influence her decision†(Johnson, 1999, p. 82). The final need involves the Matsigenka’s access to school and their participation in school.Education is important because it helps to increase income and knowledge which makes future generation better able to survive. Many Matsigenka people do not like the school communities because they involve being around people they do not know. â€Å"Although social relations are peaceful and courteous, in private there is a good deal of suspicion and accusation leveled against members of other hamlets† (Johnson , 1999, p. 49). Other Matsigenka school communities besides Shimaa are much more integrated, visit each other more often, and trade goods (Johnson, 1999, p. 49).This is why it would be beneficial for all members of the community to be more open and involved in the school systems. With more students attending the school there is more opportunity to have better teachers and a better education. Discussing the proposed needs of the Matsigenka cannot happen without having a proposed development project to accompany each need. The first need discussed was drinking water and the access to it. To gain better access to drinking water the Matsigenka people need manually drilled wells to help secure their water and make it more accessible. By working with the school ommunities they could work to gain donations and funding through organizations to help manually drill wells for the people. While doing this, information could be explained to the different hamlets on the importance of boiling the water to prevent infectious disease. The second need for the Matsigenka is latrines. This is an important project because it helps to prevent disease and keep people healthy through proper sanitation. Many places that use latrines collect the waste and transport it out to be processed for future use as compost. With Matsigenka’s isolation and lack of roads and transport this makes this process very difficult.The project being proposed is to still use latrines but use biodegradable clay or stones to build it so that when the latrine fills up, it can still be used for farming in the future. Another possibility is to use good bacteria to help compost the human waste faster to help prevent the odor and flies from accumulating. When there is too much smell and flies people will prefer to defecate other places than the latrines. An additional way to cut down on the flies and smell is to install a type of sky light or vent that is at the top of the latrine.By building the latrine it will help sanitation and prevent water from being contaminated. While building the latrines it will be important to inform people in the community of the importance of not to defecating in the surrounding areas that they are living. To help keep infectious disease and bacteria from spreading it will be important to inform the community on the important of washing their hands after use of the latrine. The Matsigenka are already practicing good habits by avoid the areas of used for urination and defecation, so this would help in their transition to using latrines.The third proposed development project involves the prevention of infanticide. The Matsigenka people also practice abortions which are done before a child is born. This will not be a debate regarding whether or not abortion is right or wrong but rather a discussion on preventative measures to protect babies that are already born. Infanticide is usually used as a way to control the population or because of stressful parental situations. The community in Shimaa leaves the decision to the mother on whether or not to kill her infant. This is why it is important to inform the mother on etter ways to soothe a crying infant and ways to handle stresses regarding the infant. A project could be to implement awareness in the schools on how to handle infants and what are the options outside of infanticide for them and their infant. This is not a problem that could be change overnight. It may take many years of education and awareness to see the number of deaths decrease. The last proposed development project is the need for more school communities and access to education. Education is incredibly powerful and when that knowledge is obtained it is something that cannot be taken away.Education for the Matsigenka people can mean opening up their communities to more opportunities to trade and increase their incomes. With more income they can afford to have stronger and more functional housing. More income can also mean better access to medicines and clinics so illnesses can be treated early. â€Å"Attraction to the school, for trade goods, medicines, and a general sense of security, comes into conflict with many of their most basic preferences about where and how to live best. It is these conflicts that account for the aversion many Matsigenkas have toward school communities† (Johnson, 1999, p. 197).The Matsigenka people fear outsiders because of their fear of illness and their history with outsiders bringing influenza to their communities. â€Å"Always a topic of conversation, news of a viral infection in the neighborhood travels quickly. Families scatter to their alternative residences. They will stay away until they believe the danger has passed and the locale is again safe† (Johnson, 1999, p. 198). This will be a hard part of the project to handle but with proper sanitation, clean water, and awareness of proper hygiene their fear of outsiders bringing infection can be lessened. The Matsigenka are unique in their want of isolation.Most communities are looking to make sellable goods or use of their land, so that they can reach more people to have the possibility of more income. With more people coming to the Amazon in search of natural gas and to exploit their resources the Matsigenka people are going to have to become more aware and take more preventative action with the outside world. This means they need more information to protect against infectious diseases and to keep their community in the changing world. References Johnson, A. , (1999). Families of the Forest. Retrieved from http://www. sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html

Sigmar Polke essays

Sigmar Polke essays One of the most important and influential figures on the artistic scene today, Sigmar Polke began his career as a painter in 1963. A number of drawings from the first decade of his activity, most of which has never been seen in the United States, have been assembled for Sigmar Polke: Works on Paper, 1963-1974. Ranging from ballpoint and felt-tipped pen drawings devoted to Capitalist Realism imagery to a series of monumental works from the 1970s, the selection of about 180 drawings and some twenty sketchbooks illustrate all the themes and techniques that Polke explored during this time. Polke was born in East Germany in 1941. At the age of twelve he moved to Dusseldorf, where he studied at the Kunstakademie and produced his first work. Although his work is contemporaneous to American Pop art, Polke demonstrates a different relationship to consumerism than his American counterparts. Rather than showing the glories of modern life, he distorts or disrupts the ready-made iconography, filling it with a personal message. Exhibitions of drawings have been organized in Europe; they have never been fully shown to an American audience. If you want consistency in an artist, you will never find it in Polke. His imagination is sardonic wit and eclectic creative process that have made him one of the most stimulating artists of his generation. Polke has experimented with various styles in modern art ranging from grisaille portraits of furniture, interiors of houses, building exteriors and hand-painted rasters of dots. Polke didnt have the best of materials-usually ballpoint pen on newsprint, sometimes with watercolor or colored pencil-he drew bits and pieces of cartoons and advertisements. Polke also used dots in his works, throwing dot and circle patterns into different pictures. An example Polke did was an Oswald portrait, which was One of the Raster Drawings, most of which employ anonymous figures that...

The Woman Who Explained the Sun and Stars

The Woman Who Explained the Sun and Stars Today, ask any astronomer what the Sun and other stars are made of, and youll be told, Hydrogen and helium and trace amounts of other elements. We know this through a study of sunlight, using a technique called spectroscopy. Essentially, it dissects sunlight into its component wavelengths called a spectrum. Specific characteristics in the spectrum tell astronomers what elements exist in the Suns atmosphere. We see hydrogen, helium, silicon, plus carbon, and other common metals in stars and nebulae throughout the universe.  We have this knowledge thanks to the pioneering work done by Dr. Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin throughout her career.   The Woman Who Explained the Sun and Stars In 1925, astronomy student Cecelia Payne turned in her doctoral thesis on the topic of stellar atmospheres. One of her most important findings was that the Sun is very rich in hydrogen and helium, more so than astronomers thought. Based on that, she concluded that hydrogen is THE major constituent of all stars, making hydrogen the most abundant element in the universe. It makes sense, since the Sun and other stars fuse hydrogen in their cores to create heavier elements. As they age, stars also fuse those heavier elements to make more complex ones. This process of stellar nucleosynthesis is what populates the universe with many of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. Its also an important part of the evolution of stars, which Cecelia sought to understand. The idea that stars are made mostly of hydrogen seems like a very obvious thing to astronomers today, but for its time, Dr. Paynes idea was startling. One of her advisors - Henry Norris Russell - disagreed with it and demanded she take it out of her thesis defense. Later, he decided it was a great idea, published it on his own, and got the credit for the discovery. She continued to work at Harvard, but for time, because she was a woman, she received very low pay and the classes she taught werent even recognized in the course catalogs at the time.   In recent decades, the credit for her discovery and subsequent work has been restored to Dr. Payne-Gaposchkin. She is also credited with establishing that stars can be classified by their temperatures, and published more than 150 papers on stellar atmospheres, stellar spectra. She also worked with her husband, Serge I. Gaposchkin, on variable stars. She published five books, and won a number of awards. She spent her entire research career at Harvard College Observatory, eventually becoming the first woman to chair a department at Harvard. Despite successes that would have gained male astronomers at the time incredible praise and honors, she faced gender discrimination throughout much of her life. Nonetheless, she is now celebrated as a brilliant and original thinker for her contributions that changed our understanding of how stars work.   As one of the first of a group of female astronomers at Harvard, Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin blazed a trail for women in astronomy that many cite as their own inspiration to study the stars. In 2000, a special centenary celebration of her life and science at Harvard drew astronomers from around the world to discuss her life and findings and how they changed the face of astronomy. Largely due to her work and example, as well as the example of women who were inspired by her courage and intellect, the role of women in astronomy is slowly improving, as more select it as a profession.   A Portrait of the Scientist Throughout her Life Dr. Payne-Gaposchkin was born as Cecelia Helena Payne in England on May 10, 1900. She got interested in astronomy after hearing Sir Arthur Eddington describe his experiences on an eclipse expedition in 1919. She then studied astronomy, but because she was female, she was refused a degree from Cambridge. She left England for the United States, where she studied astronomy and got her PhD from Radcliffe College (which is now a part of Harvard University).   After she received her doctorate, Dr. Payne went on to study a number of different types of stars, particularly the very brightest high luminosity stars.  Her main interest was to understand the stellar structure of the Milky Way, and she ultimately studied variable stars in our galaxy and the nearby Magellanic Clouds. Her data played a large role in determining the ways that stars are born, live, and die.   Cecelia Payne married fellow astronomer Serge Gaposchkin in 1934 and they worked together on variable stars and other targets throughout their lives. They had three children. Dr. Payne-Gaposchkin continued teaching at Harvard until 1966, and continued her research into stars with the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (headquartered at Harvards Center for Astrophysics. She died in 1979.

Cost and Quality Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cost and Quality Analysis - Essay Example The two are intimately related. However, Brent (1989) explains that there is a certain quality of the health care can lead to lower costs. This is because of the failure of the process to bring a series of high costs. The unit output of the healthcare services is scrapped while the resources used in the production are wasted. In order to recover the scrapped units, additional resources have to be reallocated to the appropriate deficiency. These allocations involve those aimed at replacing the customer who is lost due dissatisfaction in the organization. The organization may also be liable for the additional warranty cost and other damages traced to the failure. Brent (1989) explains that, the lower quality will eventually result to higher costs for the organization. The additional costs arise due to the liability of the process failure caused by the low quality of the services offered to the customer. This situation is termed as Quality waste, which is a representation of the consump tion of resources for repairing the output unit that fails to meet the expectations of the customers. The waste is traced through identification scrap and rework. This is a way of managing and eliminating quality wastage from within the organization aimed to improve the quality of the services. ... Their aim is to focus on the evaluation of the quality of healthcare provided in the hospitals. Buttell, Hendler and Daley (2007), the government has actively engaged in the pursuit of establishing accreditation standards. The other initiative that they are taking is to develop a board recertification to physicians and health care organizations. This is in order to focus on their reporting of the public performance information. These organizations and physicians are to be licensed via multispecialty group practices. An independent agency is established with the roles and responsibilities to review the effectiveness via the public and private partnership. This is aimed at establishing guidelines with standards for the provision of better health care services. Through these agencies, parameters are set about the care that is anticipated to all customers. These parameters include access to medical records, reasonable waiting duration and regularity source of care. The agencies are also focusing on establishing a performance standards aimed at gauging the meeting of the standards. This is in order to regulate the performance of the medical services quality provided to the customers. The agencies are also aimed at separating the generation of the evidence of the translation of the guideline and the anticipated standard. There are initiatives that are focused at improving the quality of services and at the same time incorporating costs control. By the nature of the health care being a process that comprises of series. In order to effect the operations of an institution that provides health care services, the organization should seek to establish